








fci • O > • f 

* \Q V*) " 4 

f * ft A * 


o ^ ** 

f» **'* ,# A 0 

C> sy • > 



» * K> * 

* <Lr o *■ ^Z't' 

•• <** 0 * **'- ~ 

V **•?-> CV <9 .• 

.Va4n?/l*. V A* .\ 

; • 

* - - X 


*♦ V 


C\ «9 > I, yw * ^ 

♦ ** % °5vv>v ^ V^&v * 

A .»'*,. <*, (>■ t «'«, % jA % .‘'*, ^ 

« ... 4 s sflfP- 






















'kwvw 1 -/ 

‘ ftj- 

I . i- , fc ‘' '■ .;. . 

•“ - -j .':•••/ 

; Si'.’ 'VV 


'*>> ■V-li.'-i. „rt . ;i 

■ j' v "* • .y <K 

■i .4 .'/.w . ^ Ais . i ' ’ 


iri 



!ome, view the face and see the soul 
Engraved upon a living scroll. 


,,v *•*,*<; ***«■; "i-v •-•;• 

^ ’S*£=.v*a ? 4 dft.; . M 


h j ’- ' 

ut* A VyyA*J _\*v>i.; ; * *•. . •*?•.*. ;>W» 






C W ' 1 c* »*/’ >«•*%.* <v 

* £\ ♦ ; . f-;- 


v> -J •'•• 

* 4 : r.' V 

VT-r U&L. vV 


■ 1 ... ••; . 







44 gMbn- 
si® ••■* 

• ,y>-- -T^-. 


" - 

«L; 


BY 1 

*’ :X 

%• >. y?-*♦ '4sJfc6jj3hSjjj& 


H| 'Ogini 


« 

' 

Jj: 

-'?-• •?*: 




Jvt V-.-ti- 


^ j^» E.wi|us T g;; 

Author, tafcttfjej' arid Practical Physiognorrtist, 


vFi 




»'-•—• i B i few^ .^feitycfiyife • j =jPra 

■ ■ ■**. ;- ••. ■■»"«•■. ,w. ■ 


•W- fe* 




■ 

\ r v uwi. • 






44;. * \ 1 • ' 

‘; .i .. >•>* \*sl t . •■& > •' 

- •.- • '.< , ; V '-- 
.... - *>- .'. •; U. • f w/.**, '. 

V--. <■• '•. 




- 1 ' ■****• \$(i< 


'■<u *'•.• ii-i >'•,?< ;• % 


••;.:<x ,, ■•-.' ,' v • ^•..; .tjf. 7* •:• <•'; 


» ;“.’ '■' -. -• * ' .'-'I. V 






- .. ; i ■ [: ;.^'.v: • >-,'.. 4 ^ •. • •vy-^-;' v- • r 


. ■: ; .- / V • .« •'•> ^Ai' W^'’. 

•. . vit *>&«? • 

* . • ./;. . .. ^ 


■^>- 

■- t ■ 

. vr>;.'. jV*- 



/ 

.}>^..,.,«/ (? 4 -'-^ V : ' ! 

3 '.' . , *- ... ..- Y .. .: . .’2 ' . .^' .' - .(' • ■ 1 .'/. ,. >..i>^fr. 


■- <v v -^- : +'- * 4 *f* 

> iy i r- -'■•V'-. ■>“?'• 

i’i-w'r —■■<«.'• 

W? ^'V'. ‘-i>" u ~' • 



V .> ;/>r» --■-: ■■/■ ■?**< - 

nfe-v **£i. : 


' ' I i*;P% '■ s 8 !r>tff.v Sj .'. .*>, 



















To BE able to read faces seems to me as necessary and useful 
as to be able to read books or letters. The study of the human 
countenance should form a part of every man’s and woman’s 
education; in fact, no education or system of education is practical 
or complete without it. From the cradle to the grave we have to 
meet, associate and deal with human nature in all its various forms 
and manifestations every day of our lives, and to be without a 
knowledge of the art and science of reading the habits and dispo¬ 
sitions of those we are by force of circumstances compelled to 
come in contact wtth, do business with or associate with in some 
way or other, is to render our pathway through life a dangerous 
and uncertain road to travel. Many a man and woman can trace 
their downfall in business and social life to a lack of this kind of 
knowledge. Not being able to read others they have misplaced 
their confidence, trusted in the wrong person and paid the penalty 
dearly. Success in any sphere of life depends largely on two things, 
a knowledge of one’s self and a knowledge of our neighbors. 


SYNOPSIS. 


The Face, what it is and what it Expresses — Voluntary and Involuntary Expressions — 
Difference between the Face and Skull — Magnetism of the Face— Varieties of Faces 
—Changes of Physiognomy Produced by Time and Climate — Influences that Change 
the Countenance — Relations between Face and Mind — Physiognomy and Criminals 
— The Passions as Pictured in the Face — Why some People are Afraid of Physiog¬ 
nomy— How Persons can Change their Faces—Proof of the Connection between 
Character and Facial Expression — Distinguished Persons in History and Modern 
Times—Socrates, his Face and his Character Reconciled Physiognomically—Great 
Minds and Little Minds — Dull and Sober Minds — A Metaphysical Preacher— How 
to See Yourself as Others See You — Ugly Faces and Beautiful Faces — Faces that 
Show Little Conscience—How to Read Faces—Intuition and How to Use it—Muscles 
of the Face — The Nerves — Action of the Passions on the Muscles — The Eye-ball — 
City Faces— Religious and Denominational Faces — Color of the Skin, what it Indi¬ 
cates— How the Temper is Shown — Signs of a Slovenly Nature — Incidents on a 
Rockaway Steamboat — Signs of Diseases — Tobacco, its Effects upon the Skin and 
Features—Resemblance of the Human Face to Animals — Characteristics Pictured 
in Faces of the Present Generation — Scythians and Grecians — Influences that 
Weaken the Christian Church — The Eye and what it Expresses — Colors of the Eye 
—Varieties of Eyes — Good Eyes and Bad Eyes — Incidents of Persons with Wicked- 
Looking Eyes — Honesty and its Signs — Signs of a Lying Disposition—Difference 
between Emotion and Sensation—The Eye lids — The Eye-brows — The Mouth, 
what it Reveals—Proportion and Form of the Lips — Kissable Lips — Mean Lips — 
Why Women have Prettier Mouths than Men — The Nose — Varieties of Noses and 

what they Indicate — Space between the Upper Lip and Nose — The Chin_ 

Wrinkles of the Face — Smooth-faced People — Smiles, and what they Mean —The 
Hail, its Quality and Color. 



THE 


HUMAN FACE 


Come, view the face and see the soul 
Engraved upon a living scroll. 



By PROFESSOR A. E. WILLIS, 

t » 

Practical Physiognomist , Phrenologist and Lecturer. Author of a Treatise on Human 

Nature and Physiognomy . 



Copyright, 1890, by A. E. Willis. 



InTEW yoek. 

1890 


o 






















































Here is a picture that expresses a large soul and heart nature combined. Loving 
and lovable disposition. The features are beautiful and almost perfect. In the mouth 
you see the heart or the social and affectional nature, which is evinced in the full, 
rounding lips. The nose, which is on the Grecian order, shows taste, refinement and 
love for the beautiful. The eyes, which are large, full, round and open, express 
inherited soul or spiritual nature, so characteristic of the genuine woman. They also 
show a ready capacity to receive impressions, both mentally and physically. This is truly 
a feminine face in features and expression. Not a strong character, but one thoroughly 
domestic. The happiness of such a character as is here pictured will depend largely upon 
the treatment received from associates or husband. Must be appreciated, spoken to 
gently, treated kindly and affectionately. Cross looks, harsh words and coolness of man¬ 
ner would freeze up such a soul. 










THE HUMAN FACE. 


I. 

The human face I love to view, 

And trace the passions of the soul; 
On it the spirit writes anew 

Each changing thought as on a scroll. 


II. 

There the heart its evil doings tells, 

And there its nobler deeds will speak — 
Just as the ringing of the bells 

Proclaims a knell or wedding feast. 

ill. 

How beautiful Love’s features are, 

Enthroned in Virtue’s radiant face— 
Just like some jewels, bright and rare, 
Worn by the fairest of our race. 


But vice and hatred, how they mar 

The countenance and form of man — 
And from the heavenly land will bar 

The face that has not God — in —man. 


The human face is a wonderful study; it is the wonder of all 
wonders. Heaven, earth and hell seem to come to a focus in the 
human countenance ; in it are pictured all the passions of the soul, 
the affections and wickedness of the heart, the thoughts and emo¬ 
tions of the mind. Some of these expressions are transient, flashing 
in the countenance but for a moment—while others are stationary, 
forming a part of the natural or permanent physiognomy. Those 
passions and impulses of the soul and faculties of the mind that 
are the most powerful and active, mould the face into its fixed form 
and expression. 

As men change in their habits, and direct their thoughts into 
different channels, and place their affections upon different objects, 
they not only change in character, but change in form and facial 



6 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


expression. There are voluntary and involuntary expressions of 
the face—the latter being caused by the natural character and fixed 
habits and modes of thinking, the former by the contraction and 
expansion of the muscles of the face at will. Changes in the 
character are more readily impressed and observed in the face than 
in the skull, because the latter, being bone, is hard, and therefore 
less pliant and susceptible to change, and the action of the will, than 
the muscles are. In fact, physiognomy, and especially pathognomy, 
is based upon the muscular and fibrous systems; whereas, phren¬ 
ology, or that branch of it which relates to reading character by the 
skull (cranioscopy), has its foundation in the Osseous or bony 
system. Another means of modifying the appearance of the coun¬ 
tenance, and revealing temporary or fixed changes of mind and 
character, is the nerve force and magnetism of the body, which 
seems to light up the whole countenance, emanate and flash from 
the eyes in a greater or less extent, according to existing states of 
mind and body. 

The face, then, is the time-piece of the mind; it records its 
changes and various moods and states with unerring correctness 
and certainty—but he who would be a correct reader of this useful 
and interesting time-piece must be a close and careful observer, 
otherwise he will frequently find himself much mistaken. When 
we take into consideration the fact that there are no two faces 
precisely alike, no two expressions just the same among the 
hundreds of millions of people that inhabit the earth, it is easy to 
perceive that there is no end to the study of the human counte¬ 
nance. 

As time rolls on and changes in the earth and climate take 
place, new types of faces come into existence, so that the physiog¬ 
nomy of people of this generation differs from that which was 
characteristic of those who lived a few hundred years ago. And, 
reasoning from analogy, I think it fair to assume that the people of 
a hundred years from now will have a physiognomy somewhat 
different from what we see in this age. I doubt if a few centuries 
ago there were as many marked distinctions in the physiognomy 
of people as there are in our day and generation, because now we 
have not only national physiognomies, but professional, artistic, 
ministerial, mechanical and business-looking faces. Men have be¬ 
come so devoted to certain lines of occupation, and their minds 



EX-GOVERNOR HOYT, of Pennsylvania. 

The perceptive faculties are very largely developed in this gentleman. Observe the 
immense development directly over the nose and eyes, which imparts an observing, 
knowing, matter-of-fact and practical cast of mind. These faculties as# adapted to the 
study of the natural sciences, the investigation of matter and the ability to judge of the 
condition or quality of material things. They take cognizance and perceive the nature 
of that Avhich is outside of man, that which appears to his mind mostly through the sense 
of sight. The eyes and the perceptives are near neighbors ; they work together and are 
essential to each other’s efficiency and perfection. They are to a man’s reasoning and intel¬ 
lectual power what the foundation is to a house, and without good observing talent no man 
can be a correct reasoner. That has been the trouble with several metaphysicians, and, in 
fact, a good many others in the various professions of life ; they have been thinkers and 
great theorists but poor observers, hence, their reasoning and philosophy has been false, 
their ideas of human life and the mind has been as vague and absurd as were the theories 
of Bishop Berkeley when he taught that what a man sees, such as a chair or table, has no 
real existence save in his imagination. Men who theorize and speculate in philosophy 
without carefully and closely observing and individualizing things are like the man men¬ 
tioned in Scripture, who built his house upon the sand instead of upon a rock. Thinkers 
need to build their thoughts upon the rock of fact, then their ideas will stand the test of 
time and succeeding thinkers will not sweep them away as erroneous and worthless. If, 
however, men use the perceptives in excess of their reflectives they are likely to become 
materialists; either extreme is wrong and dangerous. 









































































% 









































































































































































































































































































. 












THE HUMAN FACE. 


7 


accustomed to move in the same channel of thought and action, as 
to stamp the peculiarity of such pursuits in their countenances. 

Fixed habits, and the constant exercise of certain faculties, will, 
in time, produce fixed or permanent expressions of the face. As 
to whether the expression is good or bad, that will of course depend 
upon the kind of life one leads, the quality of the habits indulged 
in, and the normal or abnormal use of the faculties and propensities. 
The perverted or even excessive use of any of the organs of the 
brain or body will very soon produce an impure, unhappy, or un¬ 
healthy looking countenance. People should be very careful not to 
allow their minds to become too much engrossed upon one subject, 
whether it be of a moral, intellectual, social or business nature, be¬ 
cause such a course will not only narrow their minds and make them 
one-sided and even prejudiced in their ideas, but leave their faces 
deficient in expression ; that is, the countenance will not show that 
variety of expression and strength of character it would if the mind 
was more generally exercised. 

Goethe says : “A man should hear a little music, read a little 
poetry, and see a fine picture every day of his life, in order that 
worldly cares and duties may not obliterate the sense of the beau¬ 
tiful, which God has. implanted in the human soul.” 

I see a good many business men whose faces show a sordid 
stingy, grasping, selfish look ; and were they to adopt the suggesv 
tion of Goethe, it would soon improve their withered and trouble^ 
countenances. No man can bend all his energies, time and talents 
to money-making, without injuring the freshness and beauty of his 
countenance. Like begets like, love begets love, and the study oi 
the beautiful will create beauty in the soul and face of him that 
adores it. Music, poetry and art lift the soul above the gross things, 
of life, ennoble the heart and beautify the face ; whereas, the en¬ 
grossing cares of business, and the constant gnawing worm oi 
selfishness, eat out the freshness, sweetness, and contented, happy 
expression of the face, and, like a leech, suck out the life-blood of 
the soul. 

Yes, the outer covering of the face will always be a true picture 
of the inner man. The spirit of man must have a breathing place, 
where it can come in contact with the material world and make its 
presence felt ; it must have a place of observation, where it can 
look out upon living, active nature, where it can see and be seen— 


8 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


and that place is the face ; there mind and body come to a focus, 
there the material and immaterial come together in fellowship. On 
the features is written the image of the soul, the longings of the 
heart—they cannot be concealed ; like murder — nature will out, it 
will come to the surface. 

Some writer has beautifully said : “ Nature will be reported. All 
things are engaged in writing their history. The planet, the peb¬ 
ble, goes attended by its shadow; the rolling rock leaves its 
scratches in the mountain, the river its channels in the soil, the 
animal its bones in the stratum, the fern and leaf their modest 
epitaph in the coal; the falling drop makes its sculpture in sand or 
the stone ; not a foot steps in the snow, or along the ground, but 
prints its character more or less lasting — a map of its march. 
Every act of man inscribes itself on the memories of his fellows, 
and in his own face. The air is full of sounds, the sky of tokens ; 
the ground is all memoranda and signatures, and every object is 
covered over with hints, which speak to the intelligent.” 

What a subject for contemplation, to think that our characters 
are being daily written in our faces, that, to a certain extent, every 
man is the architect of his own face ! How such a thought must 
strike terror into the hearts of criminals and the vicious classes of 
society, and how it ought to fill the souls of good and upright peo¬ 
ple with joy and hope. How few really good, sweet, pure, intelli¬ 
gent looking faces there are in comparison to the population. The 
faces of too many tell a sad tale; they show how much truth there 
is in the description of the human heart and human nature by that 
great teacher and religious philosopher, the apostle Paul, when, in 
writing his second letter to Timothy, he said : “ For men shall be 
lovers of self, lovers of money, boastful, haughty, railers, disobedient 
to parents, unthankful, unholy, without natural affection, implac¬ 
able, slanderers, without self-control, fierce, no lovers of good, 
traitors, headstrong, puffed up, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers 
of God ; holding a form of godliness but having denied the power 
thereof.” What a picture of man and of society as it is to-day! What 
a.black catalogue of vices to paint their hideous images in the face, 
distort the features, and mar the beauty of the human countenance! 
It is because of the prevalence of these vices that we do not see 
more sweet, agreeable, and lovely faces. No man can bear the 
image of the heavenly until these evils are rooted out of the soul, 



MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY HAVELOCK, K. C. B. 

The Hero of Lucknow, India. 

This man was a Christian soldier, as his face and head indicates. What a noble 
countenance, and what a magnificent head in the top part where the moral faculties are 
located ! Large imitation, creative and designing talent, is shown where the straight line 
points to the side of the forehead. The expression of the eyes is pure, wise and honest. 
The nose is long and prominent, expressing a long-headed, courageous and energetic 
character. The mouth indicates the affections to be warm but pure and refined. Such a 
face as this would not seek warfare for the love of it; he would prefer peace, but would 
fight vigorously for right and principle. He was not like Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
fought for glory and the love of conquest. His temperament is the nervous, and the form 
of the face pyriform or egg-shaped. Such a form of face and head with such a counte¬ 
nance shows the selfish propensities and appetites to be inferior and held in subjection to 
the intellectual and moral faculties. 

/ 

















THE HUMAN FACE. 


9 


and good qualities implanted in their places — such as faith, love, 
modesty, peace, virtue, forbearance, kindness, contentment, pa¬ 
tience, affability and integrity ; then will his countenance beam 
with joy and nobleness, and bear the image of his Creator. 

There is a secret consciousness with people that their faces tell 
the story of their lives, and reflect their characters, and that is why 
so many are afraid of physiognomy, because they fear it will expose 
their faults and vices—hence look upon the science in about the 
same light that a thief looks upon a policeman or detective. To 
such let me say, if they will but mend their ways and correct their 
faults, they will soon improve their countenances — then they need 
not be ashamed of their looks and faces. I never could see the 
sense of people taking offense at a science for showing them just 
what they are ; as well get annoyed at a thermometer for showing 
the temperature of the atmosphere when it is too hot or too cold. 
If people do not like their own faces, let them go to work and im¬ 
prove them, mould them over as it were, just as a potter does a 
piece of clay. 

Physiognomy is a sort of mental looking-glass, into which peo¬ 
ple can gaze and see how they look in their inner natures. The 
fact is, people ought to be thankful to the Almighty that he has 
given them a means of seeing how their souls look, so that they 
may be the better able to judge of the state of their moral, social 
and intellectual life. People with good faces are not apt to be 
afraid of physiognomy — it is mostly those who have objectionable 
looking faces, or have some secret vice they fear will be read in 
their faces ; such persons will pretend they don’t believe a man’s 
character can be read in his face, when in their hearts they feel 
conscious of the fact that it can. 

I have already intimated that people can change their faces by 
force of will and thought. I do not mean, however, that you can 
change the general form of the face in the short life allotted to 
man. You cannot change a pug nose into a Grecian, thin lips into 
thick lips, and large eyes into small eyes, or a long face into a short 
one ; but you can change the expression of the face, soften the 
harsh lines, improve the complexion and slightly modify the form ; 
and, in proportion as you grow and feel better in your inner life, 
will you psychologically express it in your countenance. Remem¬ 
ber, you will look very much as you feel, as far as the expression of 


10 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


the eyes is concerned , they show the changes in thought and 
feeling quicker than any other feature, though some people show 
their feelings plainly in their lips, also, especially if laboring under 
some sudden agitation. 

As a proof of the harmony and intimate relation between char¬ 
acter and facial expression, it is only necessary to compare the 
characters of a few noted people with their faces — or even ordinary 
persons. 

William, Prince of Orange, whom a portion of the English peo¬ 
ple welcomed to their shores to’deliver them from the despotic rule 
and misgovernment of King James the Second, had hard and sober 
features, and his character corresponded with it. Those strong, 
sterling qualities which he possessed, and which fitted him to be a 
conqueror and ruler, were expressed in his countenance. After he 
ascended the throne, however, there was considerable dissatisfaction 
among the aristocratic class, because he lacked those social and 
graceful characteristics which are so essential in court circles and 
dinner parties ; hence he was not a good entertainer like our 
President Arthur, who has surpassed all previous presidents in the 
White House as an entertainer. He was too stiff-set, cold and rigid 
—sort of cast iron in his make-up —to suit the society people, hence 
they felt sorely disappointed. Now the fact is, if he had possessed 
the qualities which they wished he possessed, and the genial, pliant, 
affable face to correspond with it, he never would have conquered 
the forces of King James and ascended the throne of England. 
Two such opposite characters are not found in the same person. 

Take the Duke of Wellington for a similar but more marked 
illustration; note the iron will, the stern, serious, contemplative, 
determined, never-surrender expression of his face, which was so 
forcibly illustrated in his life and character. Only such a face, with 
its accompanying cool, collective, mathematical mind, could have 
been the hero of one of the greatest battles in the history of the 
world. Had he possessed more courtly manners and a society cast 
of mind—a sort of dude nature, for instance—Napoleon would have 
been the victor, and the political and religious atmosphere of 
Europe, if not its geography, would have been different from what 
it is to-day. And yet Wellington, with all the renown and glory 
which he won in that terrific contest, which so endeared him to the 
hearts and memories of his countrymen for a time, was finally de- 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


11 


tested, and became an object of hatred to the working classes of 
England ; so much so, that he was compelled to place iron shutters 
or bars in front of his windows, to protect them from being broken 
by the angry mob, because of his harsh measures and unyielding 
manner of dealing with them. As a general, fighting for the rights 
and defense of his country, his face and character served a good 
purpose; but when he came to occupy a position among his own 
people, where affection, kindness, sympathy, and a disposition to 
be yielding and accommodating were necessary, he was in the 
wrong place — his face and character were not moulded for that 
position. 

George III., king of England, had a stubborn, headstrong 
looking face, and such was the character of this foolish king, that 
his obstinacy and stupidity cost England the loss of one of her 
fairest possessions—the American colonies, now the United States. 

General Grant has a face showing a sort of bull-dog persistence, 
a mouth showing a certain kind of self-control and ability to con¬ 
trol and manage others, with a disposition to be non-communica- 
tive and not over sociable; a nose showing enough combative 
spirit to resist, defend and fight. All of these qualities were very 
well for the field of battle, but General Grant had not the right 
kind of a nose for speculating in Wall street, and so he got worsted 
in the attempt. Had he exercised as much, or probably half as 
much, common sense ih business matters as he did in the war, he 
would have settled down and spent the remainder of his days, after 
returning from his tour around the world, in quiet life. He had re¬ 
ceived all the honors any human being is entitled to, but, like a 
good many others, he didn’t know when he had enough. 

John Bunyan, that great sinner and great saint, has a face that 
shows a two-fold character — two natures that must have been con¬ 
stantly at war with each other during his whole life. Only such a 
compound nature of good and evil, with the good finally in the 
ascendancy, could have produced such a character. According to 
the pictures of him, the lower part of his face, especially the mouth, 
shows sensuality, while the upper part, especially forehead and 
front top of head, reveal that powerful, creative and imaginative 
mind, with high moral susceptibility, that seemed to ally him to the 
angels and served to immortalize his name. 


12 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


Byron, the poet, possessed, in some respects, a similar two-fold 
nature, though there may not be much similarity of likeness, and 
had he received proper treatment in early life when at school, had 
his affectional nature been educated and directed in the right 
way, and he had loved and married early in his career a good, true, 
warm-hearted and pure-minded woman, I doubt not but he would 
have been not only a great, but a good man. His heart nature was 
in excess of his moral and religious nature, and his face shows it. 
That heart nature being perverted, it caused him to breathe im¬ 
purity and bitterness into some of his poems. But for all that 
Byron, in my judgment, is the sweetest, most graceful and truly 
poetical writer in the English language. Byron’s face, poetry and 
character are in harmony. 

Look at the beautiful face, form and expression of Raphael. 
Was it not a true picture of his beautiful and talented mind that 
transferred to canvas those creations of imagination and colors 
that produced some of the finest and greatest paintings the world 
has ever seen ? A foreign writer has penned a beautiful paragraph 
which seems somewhat descriptive of Raphael’s mind speaking 
through his body: “ Imagine to thyself the most translucent 

water flowing over a surface on which grow beauteous flowers, 
whose bloom, though beneath, is seen through the pellucid waves ; 
even so it is with the fair flower of the soul, planted in a beauteous 
body, through which its beauteous bloom is seen. The good forma¬ 
tion of a youthful body is no other than the bloom of ripening 
virtue and, as I may say, the presage of far higher perfection ; for 
as before the rising of the sun the mountain tops are gilded by his 
rays, enlivening the pleasing prospects and promising the full ap¬ 
proach of day, so also the future maturity of an illustrious soul 
shines through the body, and is to the philosopher the pleasing 
sign of coming good.” Contrast the face and character of Raphael 
with the sensuous gourmand Emperor of Rome, Vitellius. What 
a beastly, animal-looking face he had, and how it harmonized with 
his sensual nature. 

There has been considerable discussion in reference to the face 
and character of Socrates, that great Athenian philosopher and 
sculptor. He has been looked upon as a sort of contradiction to 
physiognomy because his face was so ugly and his mind so brilliant 
and character so good. Not only was he ugly, but we are told he 



RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 

A good specimen of the New England type of face. Note the sharp, clear cut and 
finely-formed features, also the thin and angular form of face. The nose especially 
portrays his Yankee characteristics. It is prominent, long and pointed, slightly drooping 
at the point, and looks as if it was searching after something or hunting up new ideas. 
In the absence of other features his nose alone would indicate him to be a man of sober 
thought, inventive and fertile mind, refined and aesthetical His lips express a firm, 
resolute, precise and exact character, having much self-control and not inclined to talk 
unless he has something to say and then to the point; shows the nature to be cold 
rather than hot, intellectual rather than social; his intimate friends and associates being 
few and well chosen, rather than many, of all sorts and varied dispositions. The chin 
evinces will power and mental force, a positive rather than a negative character, and a 
nature that will persist and persevere in what the mind undertakes to do. The eyes 
reveal a quick, sharp, clear, penetrating mind, having considerable tact, wisdom and 
shrewdness in dealing with human nature. Can see into and comprehend things at a 
glance, and readily discern the condition, state or quality of persons and things. The 
fullness under the eye indicates a good flow and command of language, but the eye being 
smaller and the lips thin it is better adapted to writing than extempore speaking. That 
sharp, thin layer of skin drooping over the eyelashes, forming a straight line and sharp 
angle with the lower eyelid, is the sign of tact, wisdom, policy and shrewdness, imparting 
a sort of sharp, eagle cast of mind. The wrinkles running up from the root of the nose 
show him to be a close and intent thinker, and the slightly receding forehead mark him 
as a practical matter-of-fact and common-sense man. Though sesthetical, he is not 
sentimental, and his mind naturally inclined to facts instead of fiction ; with him, or any 
similar face and head, life is a reality, not a dream. 


# 




















































THE HUMAN FACE. 


13 


had a dull, stupid-looking countenance. Alcibiades, who was well 
acquainted with Socrates, says he resembled the figure of Silenus, 
and Winckelmann says that it would be difficult for a human being 
to look more debased than in the figure of Silenus. Now, it ap¬ 
pears to me, this apparent inconsistency in the face and character 
of Socrates is easily explained. He was the son of common 
parents — his father was a sculptor, hence, a working man; his 
mother was a midwife. Physically he inherited a common and 
mean-looking organism ; mentally he inherited the talents of both 
parents. He was no mean sculptor, for in Athens some of his 
workmanship or statues were to be found among those of the 
greatest masters in the art. Then he would often say of himself 
that he exercised the function of a midwife with regard to the 
mind in making it bring forth all its thoughts. Here we see the 
operation of the laws of nature in regard to hereditary descent, 
and the somewhat peculiar, though natural, manner in which a 
compound nature and character is produced that seems to be in¬ 
consistent and at war with itself. Such was the case with the 
apostle Paul, who had a thorn in the flesh, and whose life and 
character was one of conflict. The activity of the mother’s mind 
in her calling and the study of anatomical principles and art neces¬ 
sary in the father’s pursuit just previous to the conception of Soc¬ 
rates was evidently the cause of his powerful mind. But the par¬ 
ents being plain, common-place people, and probably possessed of 
ordinary features themselves, Socrates was born ugly in person, 
but handsome in mind. Then, I judge, the ugliness of Socrates 
was in the lower part of the face, the upper part, beginning with 
the eyes, showing the profound thinker and reasoner, blended with 
a large amount of wit, from which sprung his irony that enraged 
his conceited enemies and baffled the furious temper of his wife, 
who one day emptied a pot of foul water upon his head, at which 
(according to Rollin, the historian,) he only laughed, and said, 
“So much thunder must needs produce a shower” — and, by 
the way, it does seem strange that the greatest intellects frequently 
select the most miserable specimens of feminine gender for wives, 
though we are told Socrates did it on purpose to cultivate his pa¬ 
tience and enable him to school himself; and that may account 
somewhat for the apparent inconsistency of his face and character, 
for a woman will sometimes get a man all mixed up and turn him 


14 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


inside out. Though Socrates was cheerful, companionable and 
witty, h,e was neither frivolous nor funny; hence, cared little for 
theatrical plays, especially comedies, he being of too serious a 
nature and too reflective. Besides, whenever he wanted a change of 
entertainment his violent and fantastical wife provided it for him. 
He got all the comedy and circus he wanted at home. 

Great minds, however, can entertain themselves. They don’t 
need plays to amuse them; only lighter minds want comedy and 
the sentimental love trash generally put on the stage. Again, I 
believe the face of Socrates improved in looks as he advanced in 
years and thought, just like D. L. Moody, the evangelist of our own 
day. When I first saw Moody, several years ago, in Chicago, I 
thought he had the most conceited animal looking face I had seen; 
but when I saw him again, several years afterward, in Saratoga, I 
was immediately struck with the wonderful change in his face, his 
countenance having grown more spiritual through the influence of 
his mind and character. To recapitulate, in reference to Socrates— 
his parents were persons from the ordinary walks of life, and, 
most likely, of common mien themselves. He sprung, as most 
great men and women do, from humble origin. They were indus¬ 
trious, but evidently neither his parents nor grandparents were 
cultivated or polished with those physical and mental graces, 
which render some people good looking and charming; hence, he 
naturally inherited a very common face, but, through the law of 
mental transmission, he received a giant intellect through the 
activity of the minds of his parents before his birth, and, had 
Socrates lived to be two or three hundred years old, his face and 
features, through the intellectual and moral forces working within, 
would have been wonderfully improved from what they were in 
his early manhood, because whatever baseness there was in him, 
and which a portion of his face expressed, it was kept in subjec¬ 
tion and gradually rooted out through his superior mind. Had he 
allowed the animal part of his nature to get the ascendancy over 
his intellectual and moral, as thousands do, then the lower part of 
his face would have been the true index of his character; the 
reverse being the case, the upper part of his face and head was 
the index of his known character and life. If, however, the picture 
I have in my possession, which was taken from an exhumed bust, 
showing him in his old age, is a correct likeness, there was cer- 



REV. ROBERT S. Mac ARTHUR, D.D., 

Pastor of Calvary Baptist Church, Fifty-seventh Street, between Sixth and Seventh 

Avenues, New York City. 

At the present date of writing (1889) he has been pastor of this church nearly twenty 
years, during which time the growth of the church and his pastoral career have been re¬ 
markably successful. Pie is a man possessed of a good degree of self-control and a won¬ 
derful amount of tact which produces common-sense, an article much to be desired in this 
sensational and at the same time practical age ; and a quality of mind which frequently 
prevents persons from falling into grievous errors in the management of human affairs. 
Tact, in its worldly sense or perverted condition, is akin to policy and cunning, but used in 
connection with the moral and religious faculties, renders a man as “ wise as a serpent and 
harmless as a dove.” He has the keen, discerning, perceiving, planning and managing 
eye of the statesman, and would not have been out of place in some prominent position 
connected with the government of the nation. It is this talent or peculiarity of mind and 













character, combined with a bland or affable manner of address, that has enabled him to 
live at peace with his flock. Few ministers, comparatively speaking, possess the tact, judg¬ 
ment, managing and organizing ability that this pastor has displayed. His tact, foresight, 
and managing ability were illustrated in a very practical way when he raised at a single church- 
service eighty thousand dollars to liquidate the remaining debt of the new church building 
which was erected in 1883. This tact or wisdom I have emphasized so much, and which 
is indicated physiognomically in the sharpness of the upper eyelid, he frequently manifests 
in his ready capacity to divine and interpret the meaning of passages of Scripture, or of 
the intent of State and National laws, and likewise serves him in easily discerning the 
motives, designs, and characteristics of the persons with whom he comes in contact ; im¬ 
parts to him a quick understanding of their characters and how best to manage, control, 
or deal with them. Though a man of very approachable nature and easy manner in con¬ 
versation, he has considerable self-respect and dignity, with which he especially adorns the 
pulpit. This is another element in his character which has contributed much to his suc¬ 
cess as a pastor. The man who does not respect himself and his calling need not expect 
that others will. 

Dr. MacArthur’s manner of utterance is measured, deliberate, and clear and strong 
in tone. When enthusiastic on any subject, his speech bristles with the earnestness and 
intensity of his thoughts and feelings. 

His face has the oblong form—that is, long and of about equal breadth from the hair 
to the chin. This form is often found in persons of marked ability, or who are successful 
in their undertakings. A Scotch-Canadian by birth, given to plain and simple habits of 
living and possessed of a good constitution, with the motive-mental temperament in the 
ascendancy and the vital next, he can endure considerable labor and readily recuperate 
from temporary exhaustion of nerve-force and vitality. 



EDWARD B. HARPER, 

President Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, New York City. 

There are various types of business men, just as there are different types of actors, 
artists, lawyers, and preachers. Men differ in their methods of doing business as well as 
their manner of making money. One man makes money by speculation, another by the 
ordinary and established means of trading, and another by venturing into some new en¬ 
terprise and creating a demand for some-new thing. The subject of the above illustration 
is one of the latter kind. 

That class of men who accumulate a moderate amount of wealth through a close, 
stingy way of dealing and living, who never spend a cent more than they are forced to do, are 
not the pioneers of any new field of commerce. He who launches out from the ordinary 
business channels and creates or establishes a new industry, must be a man of liberal mind 
and generous nature, willing to give and risk as well as make. The miser who is always 

























willing to make and to feed off the misfortunes of others, but never wants to risk anything, 
will want to have one hand on the bird’s tail before he can reach out the other to catch it*. 

Mr. Harper is a liberal-minded man, good-natured and large-hearted ; fond of a so¬ 
cial time and the good things of life ; a happy, cheerful, hopeful, genial soul ; willing to 
spend money and take a certain amount of risk in order to make more, and I venture the 
assertion—judging from his facial appearance—that, giving to any benevolent or religious 
object he is interested in will afford him real pleasure. Some men give reluctantly ; witli 
such, parting with their money is like pulling out their eye-teeth. While this gentleman 
owes much of his success to his own energy, pluck, perseverance, tact, and managing 
ability, he has much to be thankful for in the way of a strong, vigorous, healthy constitu¬ 
tion, and a bright, clear-headed, wide-awake business instinct which he has inherited from 
his ancestors. He is a well-balanced man, physically and mentally considered ; has large 
reasoning and planning ability, enough secretiveness to keep his own counsel, mind his 
own business, and watch his own interest, and sufficient mathematical talent to figure out 
correctly and safely business problems in all their intricacies. It is the combination of 
reason, calculation, secretiveness, tact, quickness of thought, and a well-balanced organism 
that makes him a good business organizer. Mathematics play a very prominent part in 
the management of business and human affairs generally. The science is co-existent with 
the universe itself, and any legitimate business organized in accordance with the law of 
supply and demand, and conducted on mathematical principles, is sure to stand the test of 
time with all its changing vicissitudes. 

In the realm of art and literature genius is king, but in the world of business it is 
mathematical precision and exactness that win the battle. The great battle of Water¬ 
loo was a conflict between genius on the one side and mathematical principles on the other, 
in which the latter won, because allied to planning, managing, and organizing ability ; 
and success in a battle, like success in business, depends more upon this quality of mind 
than it does upon genius. Yes, business is a science which every young man ought to 
learn ; and he can well afford to spend a year or two in a good business house, even if he 
has to work for nothing, that he may become familiar with business rules, principles, and 
usages. Never have I been more impressed with this idea than in the last few years, since 
I have been studying business men and business life in New York City. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


15 


tainly not very much of the sensual or passionate nature in him at 
that period of his life; but a plain, frank, unassuming, almost child¬ 
like nature, with a tremendous intellect and a large amount of self- 
control. Only the eyes show traces of the passional nature, but, 
it is doubtful about the likeness being correct, especially when 
copied and enlarged from a bust. That he had some of the base 
traits of character in him at one time is evident from his own 
statement to his disciples, who were enraged when Zopyrus, a 
physiognomist of that time, pronounced him to be stupid, brutal, 
sensual, obscene and addicted to drunkenness. Said Socrates: 
“ By nature I am addicted to all these vices, and they were only 
restrained and vanquished by the continual practice of virtue;” 
and, I might add, by his superior reason and watchfulness over his 
own nature. What a pity that more people do not watch and 
study their own characters as did Socrates. Were they to do this 
half as much as they watch and pry into the characters of their 
neighbors, society would be much better than it is. 

Again, it is a mistake to suppose that a dull, sober, inanimate 
expression belongs only to stupid and inferior minds. I know 
a minister who has one of the clearest and sharpest metaphysical 
minds I know of, who has a sort of boyish, know-nothing look to 
his face, that is, to the ordinary observer, especially when his 
features are at rest. When a person has cunning, expressive 
eyes, with a cheerful, lively nature, they look smarter or brighter 
than they really are, whereas, persons who have not this cunning 
and cuteness in their make-up—and few, if any, great minds 
have—they are apt to have a dull and sometimes half-foolish look. 
Cunning, secretiveness, evasion, etc., belong to inferior minds and 
animals that accomplish their purposes and make their living by 
strategy and deception. Really great minds do not need it; they 
work out their plans and secure results by force of mind. This is 
why Socrates had a dull, stupid looking countenance, and did not 
care for theatres. He had little or none of that cunning, artful, 
evasive, deceitful and mercenary nature so prominent in the 
actresses and the theatrical class of people. So much then for the 
great Grecian heathen philosopher, whose knowledge, frankness 
and loyalty to truth cost him his life. I might go on and 
enumerate hundreds, yea thousands, of distinguished men and 


16 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


women, to show that their faces and characters corresponded; but 
to do that would be like writing the history of the world. 

If, however, the reader is anxious to see clearly the influence of 
mind and habit on the face, and to convince himself that a man’s 
face never lies, I suggest an occasional careful study of your own 
features'and especially that sort of psychological expression ema¬ 
nating from the countenance, particularly the eyes. To do this 
properly you will find the looking-glass very useful, and a picture 
taken at different periods of your life, say a few years apart, and if 
your life and character has been one of progress or retrogression, 
or markeid changes in any way, I imagine you will be pretty thor¬ 
oughly convinced that face and character are very intimately re¬ 
lated— that the former is the expression and image of the latter. 
When a man looks at himself through his imagination and vanity 
he sees himself through colored glasses and gets a false view, but 
when he looks at himself in the glass with an honest, critical, in¬ 
vestigating mind he is more apt to see himself as others see 
him. I know that to some people the looking-glass adds to their 
vanity, but that is because they do not use it rightly; they do not 
gaze on their faces for the purpose of self-study and investigation; 
they stand before the mirror with proud hearts and vain imagina¬ 
tions, and knowing very little about physiognomy and thinking 
about it still less they of course fail to see themselves in the right 
light. People, then, should use the looking-glass as a means of 
studying their own characters and watching the progress of their 
minds, or it may be the degradation of their passions and the cor¬ 
responding changes of expression in their faces. Thus used the 
mirror will prove a blessing by causing the face to become a moral 
incentive to its possessor. 

It must not be supposed that because a man has a common face 
with one or more ugly features that he is a know-nothing, or has 
an ugly character—it maybe the case or it may not; as a rule, 
beautiful features and persons are not noted for great talents; 
genius more often resides behind plain features and homely looks. 
It is true that vice and ignorance deform the face, and virtue and 
intelligence beautify it, but while there are plenty of homely faces 
with good hearts behind them, there are also a great many pretty 
faces (that is, pretty to those who do not read them physiogno- 
mically) that have very little talent and not much morality. For 






LUCRETIA MOTT. 

A pure facial expression. Intelligence, goodness and a friendly, sympathizing nature 
are strongly marked in the above face. The mouth denotes sweetness of temper, refine¬ 
ment, self-control and a happy frame of mind. In the eyes thoughtfulness, reflection, 
earnestness and seriousness are plainly pictured. The full, broad, high forehead shows 
the literary, philanthropic form of head, which, combined with her piety, has made her 
famous. Contrast this facial expression and form of head with that of Ingersoll’s, or any 
skeptic or infidel you may know. A mere novice in physiognomy can readily discern the 
difference in character as expressed in the face of Lucretia Mott, and that of the young 
woman opposite pnge 44 . Nor has the difference in age anything to do with the pure 
and impure expressions; the only difference in reference to age and youth being that in 
an old person the natural character is more strongly fixed and engraven upon the features, 
whether it be good or evil. 






ROBERT INGERSOLL. 

He is a person of large vital force and chest capacity; great intellectual power and 
command of language; hence his oratorical talent with which he moves and influences 
his audience. He is much better adapted, however, for a politician, than a theologian; 
for the simple reason that he is decidedly deficient in religious or spiritual nature and 
mental imitation. A Christian imitates and conforms to the life and character of Jesus 
Christ; Ingersoll has no desire to imitate anybody. Observe the rounding or sloping off 
appearance at the side and top of the head, just where the hair stops. Physically consul* 
ered, he is a splendid animal; but round, fat, pudding-faced people are not generally 
noted for piety. He is a man possessing a good degree of veneration, but more firm and 
positive in character than submissive or yielding; has a strong social nature; is good- 
hearted and liberal, but more liberal to himself and human nature than to his Creator. 
The spiritual life and nature not being so strongly developed as the animal and intellect¬ 
ual, he is well constituted to enjoy the good things of this life and world. 

Ingersoll has unquestionably advanced some sensible ideas that may tend to modify 
some of the extreme rigid orthodox teachings of the past; but he has evidently jumped 
from the frying-pan into the fire, by leaping into extreme liberalism, which is always 
willing to have a heaven, but dislikes the idea of a hell. Poor, selfish, human nature 
always loves whatever is pleasing and agreeable, but hates the opposite. Who ever heard 
of a man who had any objections to there being a heaven, or to going there himself. Men 
and women object to the idea of hell, or future punishment of any kind, because it does 
not harmonize with their conceited and selfish natures. 









THE HUMAN FACE. 


17 


instance, pretty faces with fair and light complexions have very 
little strength or depth of feeling, and very little conscience ; they 
dislike to work hard for money — it must come to them easily ; it 
matters little how they come by it so long as they get it. Their 
character and mind is shallow, and having little intensity of feeling 
or passion they live on the surface ; all there is of them you see on 
the exterior, and their hearts, if they have any, are difficult to find. 
But persons with plain faces, more prominent or strongly marked 
features, and deeper color to their complexion and hair, you will 
find to possess more practical worth, more talent, more affection 
and more piety. The more depressions, elevations and deep lines 
there are in one’s face, the stronger and greater variety of charac¬ 
ter will be manifest. But if the features, especially the nose and 
mouth, be small, and the face smooth and rounding, without wrink¬ 
les, you may expect to find little character, talent, emotion or feel¬ 
ings; their thoughts and desires will be of a selfish nature. 

There is a certain kind of plainness or ugliness that belongs to 
stupidity, ignorance and immorality ; there is another that belongs 
to the good, noble and useful class of people. There is a kind 
of beauty that simply tempts and allures and is almost worthless, 
while another kind bespeaks culture, sweetness of soul, intelligence 
and goodness ; each has its own language and can be easily read 
by an experienced eye. A good many people in trying to read 
such faces make mistakes and then blame the science, and declare 
it is not a science, when the whole trouble is with themselves, be¬ 
cause they do not understand the signs of character nor their rules 
of application. There is a maxim I learned when a boy that is ap¬ 
plicable to character reading, viz.: “If at first you don’t succeed, 
try, try again.” You cannot expect to learn to read faces cor¬ 
rectly without considerable study, practice and experience. There 
may be here and there a person born with natural talent who will 
be able to read faces and heads with little difficulty and with little 
instruction, but the most of people will have to learn to do it by 
study, teaching and perseverance ; just the same as they become 
proficient in other branches of knowledge. 

It is a good thing for a person to be susceptible to what Lava- 
ter calls “physiognomical sensation”; that is, being sensitive to 
the looks and expressions of other people’s faces, and to the nerve 
force emanating from their bodies. It prevents a man from being 


18 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


ensnared and captivated by the charms of a wicked person and 
frequently from being imposed upon in business transactions. 
Were people guided more by these sensations and a knowledge of 
physiognomy, there would be fewer divorces and less crime and 
misery. Every face is an open book in which is written the char¬ 
acter of its possessor, and it is a great pity more people do not 
learn to read it scientifically. 

When you see a man’s face that does not please you, even 
though he may never have done you an injury, the safest way is to 
break with him before it comes to that ; drop his acquaintance or 
society or business relationship, as the case might be. Many a 
quarrel and murder would be avoided if people acted on this prin¬ 
ciple, and the law courts would have less business and the jails 
fewer occupants. If you were about to drive over a railway track 
and a train was approaching a few hundred yards off, the safest 
plan would be to stop until it passed, even though you apparently 
had plenty of time to pass over, because your horse might take a 
notion to balk or your harness or buggy might give out somewhere 
just at that moment; then you and your horse and carriage 
would most likely get smashed to pieces. Deal cautiously, then, 
and keep at a respectable distance persons whose appearances 
are not pleasing and congenial to your nature, for though they 
may be good and true-hearted to some people, it does not follow 
they will be to you, because your nature and theirs may not be in 
harmony. A good face is an inspiration to the one who beholds it; 
.a countenance that reveals power awakens reverence ; the face 
that expresses love begets love, and the face that looks mean and 
hateful engenders dislike in the observer. It therefore becomes 
the duty of every person to render and keep the expression of his 
face as pure and attractive as possible, to jealously guard against 
any influences or habits of mind or body that will deteriorate the 
features and detract from its natural appearance. 

The human face has thirty-six pairs and two single muscles, 
the most active and impressible of the whole organism, which, in 
connection with the ramification of the nerves of sensation, is what 
makes the face so expressive and impressive — a sort of living bat¬ 
tery. Mind acts upon the nerves and the nerves upon the muscles, 
and they in turn upon the outer covering of the body — the skin ; 
thus it is that the character and physicial condition of the person 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


19 


becomes fixed or temporarily expressed in the face, according to 
the frequency and duration of the various thoughts and feelings. 
The nerves feel, but the muscles do not; they act, and by their con¬ 
traction and expansion change the expression, and herein lies the 
art of the actor and imitator in being able and knowing how to use 
the facial muscles to produce a certain character or appearance. 
Some people have a higher development, a finer and more flexible 
quality of muscles than others. This, also, is very essential to the 
actor and musician, in fact, music, oratory, sculpture, mathematics 
and acting are associated with the muscular system. The more 
violent a man’s passions are the more marked and distinct will be 
these signs, and the oftener and longer they are indulged in, of 
course, the quicker will they leave their imprint in his countenance. 
Violent or enraged passions distend the muscles, but the stiller pas¬ 
sions, such as despair, envy, fear and agony, contract the muscles. 
A happy, hopeful, jovial, active, healthy nature may also distend 
or relax the muscles, whereas gloom, disappointment, trouble, lazi¬ 
ness and ill-health will cont/act the muscles. To illustrate: there 
are two muscles to draw the corners of the mouth upward and one 
to draw them downward, and when a man feels happy and merry, 
so as to laugh, he, by that act, distends the muscles surrounding 
the mouth and draws the corner upward and backward, but when 
he feels sour, depressed and out of humor the corners of the mouth 
droop or are drawn more together, showing the contraction of the 
muscles. The muscles controlling facial expression and the voice 
are voluntary, that is, they act under the control of the will, but 
those that are associated with the functions of the heart, lungs, 
stomach, etc., are involuntary, that is, act independent of the will 
or thought of the person. 

The eye-ball is surrounded with muscles, and the optic nerve 
passing into it from behind expands over three-fourths of its in¬ 
terior; hence the eye is admirably adapted to express the thoughts 
of the mind, the feelings of the heart and the passions of the soul. 
The optic nerve is the means of communication, the connecting 
link between the outer world and the brain, and the telegraphic 
wire, as it were, by which the emotions of the mind and brain, and 
excitement of the various phrenological organs, are transmitted to 
the eyes to impart their respective expressions. As to the ap¬ 
parent difference in the size of eyes, that is due chiefly to the eye- 


20 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


lids. When wide apart they make the eyes look large, when par¬ 
tially closed they look smaller. The eye is a remarkable feature, 
not only on account of its wonderful structure, but because of the 
work it performs and the uses to which it is adapted. It is the 
medium through which most forms of knowledge enter the mind, 
for what we see and read goes a long way towards making up our 
education. Through its instrumentality an image of every object 
and thing of a material nature is transmitted to the brain and 
mind, and through it, also, most of what transpires in the inner 
man is revealed to the outer man. Body and soul meet together 
in the human eye, the existing spiritual and physical conditions 
are expressed there, even the magnetism of the person seems to 
peep out and flash from that indescribable orb. In fact, the eye is 
a little world itself, and whoever undertakes to read it, to fathom 
the depths of meaning therein expressed will find he has a life task 
before him. 

I have already intimated that every nation and almost every 
age has its typical face; even different sections of a country, and 
sometimes cities, will have their peculiar countenances, according 
to the habits, customs and occupations prevalent among them, as 
well as their local climate. 

New Yorkers, being a money-making, fashionable and theatre¬ 
going people, have a physiognomy to correspond; and I can 
assure the reader that the typical New Yorker has anything but 
a pious, godly looking face. Men and women who devote their 
minds and energies to wealth, pleasure and fashion, will be too 
selfish and worldly-minded to cultivate the moral nature suffi¬ 
ciently to express itself in the face. 

There is a business physiognomy, a fashionable physiognomy, 
an amusement-loving physiognomy, an educational physiognomy, 
and a religious physiognomy. All these types of faces will be 
found in New York, but the three first named more properly belong 
to the typical faces. 

What I have said of New York faces may be largely applied to 
the citizens of Chicago, only that the difference in climate makes a 
difference in their complexions; and New York, being an older 
city, there is more wealth, fashion and luxury, and a more marked 
and decided physiognomy. As to which city contains the most 
vice, irreverence and general cussedness, in proportion to the pop- 



On another page of this work I have a cut giving a front view of what I call the 
devil’s eye; in this engraving there is a side view of an eye of the same species. 
This is an artful, evasive, deceitful, lying, immodest and immoral eye ; its very expres¬ 
sion is suggestive of insincerity and wickedness. These qualities are shown in that 
fullness and prominence between the eye-brow and upper eye-lid. Such eyes do not 
evince a deep, strong, far-seeing and far-reaching mind ; their talent lies in present or 
momentary wisdom and tact, being cunning and able to shift, evade or do the best thing 
for the time being or in moments of surprise. Such eyes and their characteristics are 
allied to subtlety, and work in harmony and for the benefit of the animal instincts and 
passions ; they do not belong to strong, powerful or honest natures, nor are their charac¬ 
teristics conducive to the growth of the moral faculties and spiritual nature, neither 
are they companions or accessory to the intellectual faculties ; in fact, they seem to supply 
intellectual deficiencies, especially in the brute creation. For other points on this kind 
of eyes see my Illustrated Physiognomy. The mouth has also a common and fast look ; 
it is not well formed, the upper lip projecting over the lower and somewhat curled up. 
Disproportion of the lips is described elsewhere in this work. There is a pleasant and 
pleased expression to this face because simulation is another element in the character of 
such eyes, and like the cat can look winsome whenever it is policy for them to do so, 
whether they feel so or not. 
















THE HUMAN FACE. 


21 


ulation, it will require a wiser head than mine to decide ; but a 
detective once told me that New York could beat the world for 
skins. 

Bostonians have their physiognomy also; they have a more in¬ 
telligent and refined countenance than the people of Chicago and 
New York, but the Bostonian has more of that close, stingy 
expression in his countenance than the New Yorker. The former 
is liberal in sentiment, but the latter is more generous in money 
matters — he is selfish in making, but liberal when it comes to 
spending it. 

The Baltimoreans have beautiful but cold looking faces, and 
the Philadelphians conservative, indifferent, staid looking coun¬ 
tenances. 

The various religious creeds have their respective physiog¬ 
nomies; there is the Quaker face, the Roman Catholic, the Metho¬ 
dist, the Presbyterian, the Episcopalian, the Universalist, and the 
Baptist and Congregationalist. The two latter are very similar; the 
one being dipped and the other sprinkled does not make any differ¬ 
ence in character or face, since their form of government and mode 
of worship is similar. 

Presbyterians come next in similarity, only that there is a 
colder, sterner, and more severe expression to the face of the 
latter. It is this sect of religionists that are opposed to music in 
their churches — or rather, a part of them ; that class particularly, 
that has sober, harsh, dried up looking faces, with their heads 
running up high in the back part. They are so extremely 
orthodox that they see only the most rigid side of everything 
pertaining to human conduct. Justice fills up the center of their 
visions, with mercy slightly illuminating the outer edge. They 
seem to see farther into and know ,more about hell and future pun¬ 
ishment than they do of heaven and future happiness. Were they 
to change their religious sentiments, and look on the bright side 
of the picture, they would have a religion with more calm and 
sunshine and less storms and clouds ; they would have sweeter 
and more lovable looking faces, and thus win and save more souls. 

There is more heart sociability and warmth in the face of a 
genuine Methodist than any of the others, but there is also more 


22 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


conceit, excitability and amativeness expressed there. It is be¬ 
cause Methodism is a warmer religion, and appeals to the heart, 
that so many are attracted to it, especially young people. 

The Universalist and Unitarian face shows more of the sympa¬ 
thetic, kind-hearted, large-hearted and agreeable nature ; they are 
the opposite to the Presbyterian countenance. 

The Episcopalian shows more dignity, formality and fashion in 
his face. 

The Roman Catholic has more of the sly, secretive, downcast 
look, but a far more devotional and reverential countenance. 

The Baptists have a sober, serious, thoughtful, pious and earn¬ 
est, bur a common, slow-going, and not over intelligent counte¬ 
nance. The term “slow-going” I mean to apply to their mode of 
thinking and acting in reference to the adoption of new ideas and 
plans as much or more than to their religious life and work, though 
even in the latter they are not as pushing and energetic as the 
Methodists or Roman Catholics, and for thoroughly organized 
effort the latter surpass all other denominations. 

In making these criticisms, I do it with good feeling toward 
all, having no desire to offend any sect ; nor do I mean to say 
that every member of a certain denomination will have just such 
an expression as is ascribed here. I am speaking of the whole 
denomination as though one person. 

Some people are united with churches they do not naturally 
belong to, just as some persons are following a business they are 
not by nature fitted for. Some will fit in most anywhere ; that 
is, they can fall in with most any form of worship, and adapt 
themselves to any creed. There are a good many, however, who 
have a pronounced religious character of a certain type or creed, 
and could not be anything else and feel at home. 

When examining a minister’s head in public, one evening after 
a lecture, I was asked what church he belonged to. I said I could 
hardly tell — he looked something like a Methodist and something 
like a Universalist. I was informed that he had been a Methodist, 
but was then a Universalist ; and, for aught I know, by this time 
he is something else — because he lacked stability and firmness of 
character. He will never be a Presbyterian, however, because his 
benevolence is too large and his firmness too small to admit of that 
belief. 




CHARLES F. GUNTHER, Confectioner, 

CHICAGO. 

He is a self-made man, and a fair illustration of an evenly-balanced head and tem¬ 
peraments ; he has good business capacity, is active and energetic. He has considerable 
self-control and the ability to control others ; his eyebrows indicate his determination to 
overcome obstacles. Economy and the disposition to make money by being careful and 
saving, as well as in general business trading, is strongly expressed in his countenance. 
Men of wealth are always noted for their economy. It is not what men make so much as 
what they save that makes them rich. Spendthrifts never get"wealthy ! There is danger, 
however, in being too economical, as it leads to stinginess and dries up the liberality of 
the soul. 












Here is a mouth that looks beastly and the expression of the eyes is anything but 
pure. The whole face shows an irreligious, worldly-minded and Godless character ; one 
who lives in the enjoyment and gratification of the animal rather than the intellectual or 
spiritual nature. There is little good to be seen in this face; it is indicative of a low, 
coarse and gross type of humanity. I do not know this man, never saw him, never heard 
anything about him, and judge of him entirely from his picture. 





THE HUMAN FACE. 


23 


As a rule, people take to those forms of religion that suit their 
taste and sentiments, and their conceptions of God and religion 
spring largely out of their own mental organizations. Different 
faiths and modes of worship devotedly adhered to will, in time, pro¬ 
duce different shapes of heads and facial expressions — on the same 
principle that the exercise of the intellectual faculties in different 
kinds of mental work, or professions, will develop as many kinds of 
expression. 

Lawyers, teachers, and clergymen all use their intellectual 
faculties, but in three different pursuits, which give rise to three 
distinct countenances ; or, if not apparent in their faces, it will be 
in their manners or tone of voice. It would be difficult to distin¬ 
guish a great many lawyers, teachers and ministers from one 
another by their faces, now-a-days, because they are badly mixed 
up, being in the wrong place. Some preachers ought to be law¬ 
yers— some lawyers, perhaps, teachers ; and some teachers may be 
preachers — and a good many of them not fit for either pursuit. 
That is one reason why many of them are not successful — their 
faces and occupations are not in harmony, hence people do not have 
confidence in them. A preacher should not look like a shrewd busi¬ 
ness man, or a lawyer; nor should a teacher look like a prize fighter 
or bully ; nor a lawyer like a bartender — nor should he look like 
the other extreme, an artist. 

Nearly every person, whether possessing a fair knowledge of 
the face or not, instinctively and intuitively associates a man’s 
looks with his calling, and they also associate his moral character 
and religion with his face. 

The color of face or skin is a very important factor or consider¬ 
ation in reading character. Everything in nature, animate and 
inanimate, has its appropriate color. Grass is green, not simply 
because it looks nice, but because it is the most soothing color for 
the eyes ; red excites, but green cools and soothes even the passions, 
hence the appropriateness of that color to vegetation in general. 
Flowers intended as objects of beauty to please the eye and senti¬ 
ments, have every variety of color. All through the animal 
kingdom the color of the skin and hair impress us at once with the 
character or nature of the animal, and we are also impressed by 
the complexions of human beings. Whoever looks at or speaks of 
a colored person without immediately associating in the mind the 


24 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


known characteristics of that race, and so with all other races and 
colors. The dark races are peculiarly adapted for hot climates, 
and hot climates for dark people, whereas light skinned people are 
adapted and belong to cold and temperate climates. 

The black race is highly emotional, religious, social and music¬ 
al, but they lack in depth of intellect and have very little percep¬ 
tion of logical relations. They are voluptuous and passionate, 
living largely in the enjoyment of the physical senses. Their 
moral sense of right and wrong is anything but keen, and they 
look upon certain kinds of sin—fornication, for instance—as through 
a veil, and they can hardly be considered as responsible for their 
sins as the white race, which has a superior development of brain 
and mind. Negro worship is chiefly religious emotional ecstasy 
minus intelligent morality. The Mongoloids, having an olive color, 
are in some respects the opposite to the negro, because they are 
cold and passionless and deficient in mirthfulness, but they have a 
large amount of patience, and their minds can more easily grasp 
mathematical conceptions. The black man, unlike the white, is 
not subject to nervous diseases, because he has far less of the 
nervous temperament and is less sensitive, nor is he liable to con¬ 
tract yellow fever and malaria and other affections peculiar to the 
white race. 

These remarks, of course, apply to the pure-blooded negro. 
The mulattoes are not as strong and tough, nor as capable of pro¬ 
longed labor or endurance as the negro. When they marry among 
themselves they are liable to scrofula and degeneration of tissue, 
and their offspring become less numerous. They generally marry 
those of black blood. What we call brunettes, however — the dark 
skin, hair and eye types of the Caucasian race—are liable to 
disorders of the biliary system, to fevers and inflammations. 

The strength or toughness of one’s constitution can be deter¬ 
mined largely by the color of the skin. With dark brown skin the 
power of perspiration is good, and such can endure heat pretty 
well; light brown persons bear warm summer days much better 
than cold weather; the latter seems to impair their circulation 
and interferes with the general health. Dark copper color can en¬ 
dure any kind of weather, whether hot or’cold, and the light cop¬ 
per colored are not troubled much with miasma, at least so says Dr. 
Simms, a noted physiognomist. The dark yellow and light yellow 



MRS. LIZZIE N. AIKEN, 

Generally known as “Aunt Lizzie,” being so called by the soldiers during the late rebellion, 
by whom she was much loved for her tender and sympathetic services as nurse in the 
camp and hospitals. She has a large development of the vital temperament, which 
imparts to her character a cheerful, happy, good-natured and companionable disposition. 
Her hospitable, liberal and kind-hearted nature may be read in the lines running across 
the forehead. There is a difference between hospitality and benevolence ; the latter 
simply gives money or sympathy but the former is more disposed to entertain and 
personally attend to another’s wants. The English have hospitality, the Americans 
benevolence. Aunt Lizzie was born in Auburn, New York, of English descent, and has 
both these characteristics. Much of her success is due to her executive capacity ; her 
ability to manage persons and things is shown in the broad head and face. She has also 
a good share of imitation, which'makes her all the more loyal to her religious work, for 
people are Christians just in proportion as they imitate the life and character of Jesus 
Christ. Her education is that of the heart rather than the mind. From early childhood 
















to old age her life has been one of discipline and severe trial, all of which has prepared 
her for her later years of usefulness as missionary in the Second Baptist Church, of Chicago. 
The form and features of her face are not beautiful, but her countenance beams with 
goodness, and the expression, as a whole, is both lovable and loving. No wonder a 
girl to whom I mentioned Aunt Lizzie’s name one day remarked with much joy and 
fervor, “ Oh ! I know her well, I just love her.” 

Considering what this lady has passed through, her face, though showing traces of 
sorrow and care, has a remarkably soft, sweet and gentle expression. In fact, her face is 
a sermon in itself, and I challenge all the infidels and skeptics in the country to produce 
a single person who has lived an ungodly and skeptical life and passed through one-half 
the tribulation Aunt Lizzie has, whose face will compare with hers in goodness, purity, 
sweetness and contentment of expression, or with the faces of the pious and distinguished 
Lucretia Mott and General Havelock. One such woman as this is worth a thousand 
fashionable good foLnothings who neither toil nor spin, (and yet their earthly fathers feed 
them,) and who live off the fat of the land and drink in pleasure like water, who are ever using 
and consuming but never producing or doing anything for the good of mankind. To be 
born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth and reared in luxury is generally a misfortune. 
Few persons are worth much to themselves or the world whose mind and character have 
not been tempered with trials and difficulties. The soul that has passed through the 
furnace of affliction will be sweeter and purer than the one that has slumbered in luxury 
and reveled in pleasure. Woman, under the influence of the moral faculties and social 
nature, inspired with religious ardor, is the crowning glory of the household and a bless¬ 
ing to her race, but when swayed by her selfish sentiments or controlled by a master 
passion, she becomes a thing of pleasure or a thing of evil. 

The story of Aunt Lizzie’s life and doings, as beautifully written by the wife of the 
President of the Chicago University, Mrs. Anderson, and published by Miss Ellen M. 
Sprague, 309 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, shows what a woman of ordinary attainments 
and limited circumstances can do when devoted to the cause of humanity, living not 
merely for self, but for the good of others. Like other people, Aunt Lizzie has her 
faults and peculiarities, but her virtues tower up so high and stand forth so conspicuously 
that her imperfections are cast into the shade and lost sight of. With some persons the 
reverse is too often the case. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


25 


skinned people, he claims, have good hepatic systems, toughness 
and physical stamina, the dark yellow indicating the best or strong¬ 
est condition. Sallow looking faces need a cool climate and pure 
water in order to be healthy and live out their allotted time. 

White-skinned people are tender and delicate in their constitu¬ 
tion, and when tinted with a blush of redness are said by one 
writer to be heroic natures. The whiter the skin the more tender 
and sensitive; liable to many ills, can not stand dissipation or over¬ 
work, and must have the purest of food, the most nutritious and 
easily digested. Their desires are pure and habits refined, in con¬ 
trast to those of deeper color, and yet white-skinned people are 
very intense in their feelings and passions when aroused or ex¬ 
cited, and some of them, when they are real angry, become white 
with rage. There is not that maliciousness in them, however, that 
there is in darker skins, hair and eyes; revenge, hatred, love, jeal¬ 
ousy belong to the brunette type of humanity. Where there is 
great depth of color intense heat is always found, and all the pas¬ 
sions and emotions are more intense and heated than are those of 
the white races; that is, they are more violent and uncontrollable. 
The complexions of the negroes, Mexicans, Spaniards, Portuguese, 
Italians and some Jews furnish good illustrations. If the skin is 
light and pale and the hair dark the vital powers are particularly 
weak, and they are liable to die early. Great care should be taken 
in the diet and habits of such persons. 

There is also a sickly color and a healthy color to be seen in 
the face independent of what the natural color may be. I have 
also observed there is a color peculiar to people who are nice, 
sociable, good-hearted and straightforward in their conduct, per¬ 
sons of real homelike natures and qualities. With such the skin is 
not very smooth, a little rough, perhaps, and the color neither dark 
nor light—a peculiar tint, which I cannot describe in writing so the 
reader will understand it; it can only be pointed out in the living per¬ 
son. People with florid complexions are generally lovers of music, 
and with hair inclined to the red or auburn tint are impulsive, 
ardent and enthusiastic. Red, full-faced persons with coarse skin, 
thick neck and of a masculine or animal look are very passionate, 
and belong to the sporting class, though the genuine type of the 
fast sporting class of men belong to the dark hair, eyes and com¬ 
plexions. A deep red color in the ears is not a sign of virtue; 


26 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


rather the opposite. These red, passionate looking faces are also 
high-livers. They live in the enjoyment and gratification of the ap¬ 
petites or physical senses, not the spiritual and moral. Lust is 
written all over their countenances, and they hate religious re¬ 
straint. I don’t like livid complexions either. Give me a face with 
enough color to make it look healthy and natural ;• too much color 
is not a good sign, nor too little. 

The temper is shown largely by the color of the skin, but it is 
another of those traits and tints indescribable by pen and ink. A 
few observations of different tempers and complexions will put the 
reader in the way of reading a man’s temper by his face. That is 
about the first thing I learned to read when a boy. Without any 
lessons, and before I knew what physiognomy meant or had ever 
heard of it, I became sensitively impressed with the kind of temper 
people had by their countenances. 

There is a complexion peculiar to dirty, slovenly people. They 
generally have a rough, half sallow and dirty looking skin, with 
rough, coarse hair ; but as this class with their miserable looking 
faces are so common, it is hardly necessary to describe them. But 
if you are anxious to see a few of these dirty human brutes, go 
into a cheap restaurant, hotel or boarding-house, or any place 
where these men have to cook or serve victuals, especially the 
cooking department, and you will soon see enough to make you feel 
as if you could go on a forty-days’ fast without getting very hungry. 
Lots of them can be found among “beer slingers” in drinking re¬ 
sorts, because there the associations are in harmony with their 
own slovenly natures ; there they can chew, spit and slobber as 
much as they please. Lemonade and soda-water venders at fairs 
and expositions are generally of this order, and the dirty, sloppy 
stuff they palm off upon the public is a disgrace to humanity, and 
the strangest part to me is that people will eat, drink and guzzle 
down anything offered them without stopping to think how it is 
made or who makes it. When I want to eat or drink I take a look 
at the man’s face first to determine about how clean he is in his 
general habits. 

Another good place to see such faces is on an excursion steam¬ 
boat, where they make clam soup, etc. ; and perhaps, by way of 
diversion, it will not be amiss if I give the reader a little of my ex¬ 
perience and observations on a Rockaway steamboat in the summer 
of 1884: 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


27 


Rockaway is a popular summer resort for the laboring 1 classes, 
and about two hours’ sail from New York; it and Coney Island 
seem to be the main points of attraction to the working and com¬ 
mon class of people. Rockaway has its points of interest, its means 
of entertainment, its shows and curiosities — among them being a 
dime museum, advertised as the most wonderful in America, which 
I judge it is, as far as exaggerations, caricatures and absurdities 
are concerned; but for a regular vanity fair, similar to what Bun- 
yan describes in his Pilgrim’s Progress, West Brighton at Coney 
Island will far surpass it. Well, I wanted to see and study not only 
Rockaway, but the crowd that went there ; and, in order to do that, 
I found Sunday was the best day, because that is the day the 
biggest crowd goes, the working people being at liberty then. I 
was not long in discovering that there was a vanity fair of no small 
proportions right on the boat. There was a band of music to make 
things lively; so lively that some of the young girls wanted to 
dance. The most zealous'one among them, who had her hair 
combed straight down over her forehead and cut straight off at her 
eyebrows, was trying all her persuasive powers with the captain 
and other officers to allow it — because, said she, there are worse 
things done than dancing; but the officers were afraid to allow 
them, so the poor things cast their eyes around for some other 
means If amusement. In a few moments the big eyes of the girl 
with her hair over her forehead saw a young man standing in the 
stairway. “ There is a masher,” she said to the other girls, “let’s 
go ;” and off they went to attract his attention. Happy thought! 
if they could not dance they could flirt. There was also a fine 
assortment of trash for sale, with one or two useful articles among 
them ; there was candy, a peculiar kind of lozenger to prevent them 
from getting seasick, bouquets, smoked and colored eye-glasses, 
little shovels and pails to play in the sand with, plenty of lager 
beer and other drinks, eatables of various kinds, especially clam 
soup, etc. No, they could not dance on Sunday, which of course 
it was proper to prevent, but they could have music to make them 
feel lively, and that way inclined, and they might drink plenty of 
beer that would make them feel still more lively by the time they 
went home, as some of them did. The eatables of course were 
right and proper; the people needed food, and the salt air sharp¬ 
ened their appetites — at any rate it seemed to do so in the case of 


28 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


one young man and two young ladies accompanying him, who ate 
so much as to completely astonish the steamboat waiters, who 
could not refrain from talking about it; one of them thought they 
must have been fasting for a day or two. They commenced on 
clam soup, together with crackers; then they had each a plate of 
roast beef, which included bread and butter and vegetables; then 
they ordered porterhouse steak with more bread, etc., and finally 
finished off with pie and tea. But the clam soup was what there 
was the most demand for in the eatable line, and the making and 
serving of it attracted my attention. Standing on the side of 
the boat, I could see two young men of the dirty type I have already 
referred to washing dishes and serving out the soup. I was in¬ 
formed that it had been bought in cans, partly prepared, in the 
city, then put into a large tin boiler or pot and warmed up. The 
dirty plates, probably about five hundred of them, were all washed 
in one tub of water, till the dirty water was thick enough and 
greasy enough to be soup itself. The plates were not wiped, but 
handed over, half drained, to the next man, who immediately used 
them ; so that the people had a mixture of soup, such as it was, and 
dirty water. I saw a few other gentlemen who had been quiet ob¬ 
servers also, behind the scenes, as it were, and they said they did 
not want any soup. For my part, I prefer to eat where food is 
cooked and dishes washed by women, for though there a§e some 
dirty specimens among them, yet as a rule women are more cleanly 
than men. On the way home, the effects of the beer drank on the 
boat and at the beach were discernible ; one man, at least, was so 
drunk that he gave his poor wife, who had children to attend to, 
a great deal of trouble — trying to keep him straight, and apolo¬ 
gizing to others for his rudeness. And a woman I saw had also 
enough drink to make her hilarious, and so far forget her sense of 
shame and propriety as to take hold of a gentleman’s waist with 
both hands—who was obliged to halt a few moments in trying to 
crowd through the passage-way — saying: “O you little darling, 
don’t stop me here”—at the same time squeezing and tickling him 
in the ribs till he released her hold. She said it so loud that all the 
people around that part of the boat looked up in astonishment to 
see which man the woman was calling a little dear. Still there are 
lots of people who believe in buying and drinking lager beer on 
Sunday, and claim there is no harm in it, which shows how little 




A BURGLAR. 

An unprincipled looking face ; the eyes have a sneaky appearance and meanness is 
expressed in the lower part of the face. Licentiousness or a fast nature is shown in the 
fullness and crowding up toward the eye of the under eye-lid. Dishonesty, insincerity 
and immorality seem to be written and spread over the whole countenance. The upper 
part of the forehead in connection with the hair seems to say, I prefer to make my living 
by my wits, by some kind of humbug, fraud deception or trickery. 









THE HUMAN FACE. 


29 


conscience and moral sense of right and wrong that class of people 
have; and their faces, as well as their actions, tell the same story. 

In connection with color, it is well to take into consideration 
the texture and quality, because rough, slovenly classes have coarse 
hair and skins, whereas clean, neat, modest and pure-minded peo¬ 
ple have fine hair and skins. In speaking of being pure-minded in 
this connection, I refer to the general tenor of people’s thoughts, 
desires and habits without referring particularly to the moral char¬ 
acter, because any kind of an organization or complexion may be¬ 
come immoral; and persons of fine and delicate organizations, ex¬ 
treme sensibility and great nervous irritability, when they fall, 
become the most irreclaimable — because they drink deeper of the 
cup of iniquity than those of common and coarse organizations, 
The fine, delicate and sensitive feel, suffer and enjoy in a far higher 
degree than is in the nature of things possible for coarse grained 
persons to do. There is no doubt, then, in my mind, but what color 
indicates character, and may come next to form in its importance 
in that respect, if it is not of equal importance. 

The various kinds and qualities of fruits and flowers have their 
respective colors, by which we help to recognize and distinguish 
them. The redness of the rose and the whiteness of the lily are 
very emblematic of what they are used to represent; and how 
much does a beautiful, white-skinned, virtuous young woman remind 
us of a lily — and the fair, florid, blushing face of the loving maiden 
remind us of the rose. Both these types of female loveliness and 
beauty are charming to gaze upon, but the warmth, love, ardor, gush 
and enthusiasm of the human rose will touch the chords of the 
masculine heart quicker and more powerfully than will the quiet, 
gentle, sensitive and unenthusiastic spirit of the human lily, tender 
and fair though she may be. Like as the natural rose is the queen 
of flowers, so the human rose is the queen of hearts. Young ladies 
should jealously guard their complexions, by good and regular 
habits, a correct system of diet, abundance of pure air, bathing, 
exercise and sunlight. Don’t imagine for a moment that sensible 
men will fall in love with painted faces; a few stage-struck idiots 
might, but not good, solid, intelligent men. 

Color is also associated with certain diseases and states of the 
constitution, as shown in the skin. It being a branch, however, 
relating more particularly to the physician than the general reader 


30 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


of faces, I shall not attempt to go into details. A person whose 
skin, lips and nails present a pale or bluish appearance, with a flat 
chest and a tendency to sigh and yawn frequently, will be deficient 
in chest capacity and power ; or, in other words, the heart and lungs 
of such a person perform their work imperfectly. Disease of the 
heart is also indicated by a blue skin with red and white spots on 
the face, and in severe cases the gums and lips will be almost black 
and the skin quite dark. I have noticed in a few persons, having 
some kind of heart affection or irregularity of its action, a very 
peculiar expression — a sort of half foolish and wandering look, as 
if the mind was not quite right, blended with a serious, inquiring 
look, as though wanting something but not knowing what, nor what 
to do. Bright’s disease shows itself very plainly in the skin, making 
the face look as if it was made out of wax. Any person who has 
seen wax figures in museums, will have a fair idea of the color of the 
skin when the person is suffering from that terrible disease. A 
bilious condition of the system is so general, and marked in the face, 
that I need scarcely allude to it here. The hectic flush on the 
upper part of the cheek proclaims the weak and affected lungs, and 
may also indicate an abnormal condition of the bowel system, be¬ 
cause the strength of the lungs is dependent upon the healthy 
action of the bow r els to provide nutrition, in order to make good 
and sufficient blood to keep them in action. Good nutrition and 
plenty of pure air are the antidotes of consumption. Tobacco is 
bad for the complexion ; look at the livid faces and half dead, lustre¬ 
less expression and yellow hue of the^eyes of those whose systems 
are continually under the effect of the poison of tobacco — nicotine. 
The effect of the poison of tobacco upon the system is similar to 
that of alcohol; it obstructs and interferes with the functions of 
secretion and absorption, impedes the respiration and weakens the 
intellectual power and moral sense of the individual; tends to make 
him careless and slovenly in his habits, creates a desire for stimu¬ 
lants and, I believe, excites the passions. A physician once told 
me that he could trace nearly every case of paralysis and enlarge¬ 
ment of the heart to the use of tobacco. That the use of tobacco 
is degrading to the whole man, is evident from the slovenly and 
filthy habits of those who are slaves to its use, and their frequently 
utter disregard of the rights and feelings of those around them who 
do not use and do not like it. How any man of ordinary intelli- 



EDGAR A. POE, Poet. 

The mental temperament. Observe the fulness and width in the upper part of the 
head. The creative genius, or power to produce or make something new without a copy 
to go by, arises from that part of the brain indicated by a line. 

An American by birth, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1811. His chief production, “The 
Raven,” is considered one of the masterpieces in the English language ; it was the breath¬ 
ings of a sad and troubled heart. The strange vicissitudes of life stir genius from its low¬ 
est depths to its loftiest heights. Had Poe’s life been one of ease, luxury and happiness, 
that wonderfully dramatic and unique production, “ The Raven,” would never have been 
written. 





















Here is a nature that will want to receive money without having to work hard for it, 
not because she is a great lover of money but because she has a full share of the lymphatic 
temperament and not much of the mental and motive, and therefore averse to much 
physical or even mental exertion. Besides—judging from this picture — she has a free 
and easy style of conduct and not very conscientious as to right and wrong. There is a 
common, irreligious and fast look to the face with little inclination toward an intellectual, 
spiritual and progressive life. The eyes and mouth express these last characteristics; 
even the hair as well as the mouth is indicative of low organic quality. 





THE HUMAN FACE. 


31 


gence and moral sensibility can advocate the use of tobacco, after 
carefully noticing and comparing the eyes, teeth, lips and com¬ 
plexions of those who use it with those who do not, I cannot under¬ 
stand, except on the principle that any habit or passion begets a 
love for its indulgence, no matter how low and degrading it 
may be. I have no desire to offend my masculine readers, but I 
wish to speak plainly in regard to this pernicious and growing habit. 

Sufficient color is very essential to health. I believe it is Dr. 
J. Simms, the physiognomist, who says: “Where the organism is 
deficient in the coloring pigment, a weakness of the glandular sys¬ 
tem is usually indicated. Milk white or very light eyes, weak hair, 
and skin of a pallid hue are usually accompanied by imperfect 
vision, deafness, tubercles, a scrofulous diathesis, chlorosis, white 
swellings. Lack of color also tends to suspicion ; light eyed people 
are suspicious. Too little color renders the person weak morally, 
mentally and physically.” 

Another peculiarity of the human face is its resemblance to cer¬ 
tain animals and birds; based on the fact that every person resem¬ 
bles, in disposition, actions and appearance, some particular 
animal, bird, reptile or fish. Not only is this the case in individ¬ 
uals, but in nations also. Dr. J. W. Redfield, who made compara¬ 
tive physiognomy, in this respect, a special study for years, says 
Germans as a nation resemble lions; the English, the ox; French¬ 
men, frogs; the Irish, dogs; the Russians, geese; the Yankee, 
the bear; Italians, also artists and sculptors, horses; Turks, the 
turkey; Arabs, the camel; Chinese, hogs; Spaniards, cocks; the 
Laplander, the reindeer; Persians, peacocks ; Jews, goats; Greeks, 
sheep; African negroes, part of them fishes and part the elephant, 
opossum,'or such animals as are fond of carrying young things; 
one class of negroes open their mouths like fishes, the other like 
elephants. The Persians stain their heads, are fond of display, 
bright colors, flowers, and brilliant, showy things — in harmony 
with the fowl they resemble. Persons who are fond of clothing 
themselves in scales and armor, Redfield says, resemble fishes. 
Those who resemble deer or admire deers’ antlers, admire trees, 
branching shrubs and flowers — and, I may add, are innocent, docile 
and harmless —even when drunk they are comparatively harmless. 
Suraj-a-Dowlah, the Hindoo nabob who thrust one hundred and 
forty-six Englishmen into a dungeon not twenty feet square, known 
as the “Black Hole of Calcutta,” resembles a black rat. “ Monkeys 


32 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


are actuated by the feeling that what another has is theirs ; that 
‘stolen waters are sweet ;’ that what is stolen is better than what 
is given to them — are always reaching their arms into their neigh¬ 
bors’ provinces.” In this respect there are a great many people who 
resemble monkeys : business men, monopolists, mortgagees and 
lawyers, who are always on the alert, scheming and watching for a 
chance to gobble up what belongs to another. I remember a man 
who looked very much like a monkey, who had a mania for forming 
partnerships, and then, by cunning and trickery, he would steal his 
partner’s interests, or sell out to a stranger just before his lease ex¬ 
pired, which could not be renewed. He not only resembled a mon¬ 
key in facial appearance, but his whole form and habits were 
monkey-like. 

The following remarks on the cat are, in the main, from Red- 
field, though not exactly in his own language: “The cat has a 
great deal of softness, quiet, love of repose, contentment, love of 
children, love of kind treatment, of milk and of play. These char¬ 
acteristics are more discernible in pussy’s face than her savage, 
cruel nature, because she has so much affectation. She can as¬ 
sume a character that does not belong to her, or wear the sem¬ 
blance of it, and the faculty which induces dissembling and affecta¬ 
tion gives the talent to act and is found largely in actors and 
actresses, the latter particularly. Through a love of neatness 
pussy is ‘put out,’ and makes a fuss when her fur is disarranged. 
The cat is sly, for it is her nature to take by surprise; she is not 
gentle, nor are those who resemble cats. People who take after 
cats are apt to meditate surprises either of an agreeable or disa¬ 
greeable nature ; they like to drop in upon persons when they are 
unprepared or not expecting callers. Slyness plays into the hands 
of cruelty and is exercised along with dissembling. Of all animals 
cats are the most savage, especially the wild cat, which has never 
been known to be tamed. A playful cat is, comparatively speaking, 
honest, while a demure one is deceitful, treacherous and cruel. 
This will hold good to a certain extent in human nature, playful¬ 
ness being associated with innocence, as in children. When chil¬ 
dren are not playful they are not happy, and examples of juvenile 
depravity are of those that are gloomy, morose and inclined to dis¬ 
turb rather than to assist in the plays of other children. Hypoc¬ 
risy is more likely to be found behind a sober, demure, long-faced 



TROT. 


This cat was born in the House of the Good Shepherd at Utica, N. Y. He weighed 
nineteen pounds, had twenty-three toes, and lived to be twelve years old. Mr. F. Nicklas, 
the druggist on Sixth Avenue, New York City, owned him for six years, and refused an 
offer of fifty dollars to sell him. He was a great favorite with people visiting the store, 
and was known and talked about for miles around the city. Although this work is de¬ 
voted to the Human Face, yet I deem the picture and description of this cat quite appro¬ 
priate here, since I have referred to the natural characteristics of cats and have endeavored 
to show wherein some people resemble them in their dispositions. 

Cats are like human beings in one respect, that is, they have their good qualities as 
well as their bad ones, and I believe that the main reason why some persons dislike them 
is because they have in their own disposition one or more of pussy’s objectionable charac¬ 
teristics. There may be other reasons why some good people dislike cats, but I think the 
one I have referred to will be found on investigation to be quite common. I am satisfied 
it was so in the case of one person’s treatment of a cat that came under my observation. 

One morning, as I was about to enter a drygoods store on Fourteenth Street, in New 










York, there was sitting near the door a homeless cat. It was a fine-looking animal, how¬ 
ever, and in good condition. I spoke to it—for, on the whole, I like cats, and besides I 
was not sure at the time whether it was homeless or belonged to the store. Pussy was 
waiting a chance to get inside, and feeling encouraged from my manner—which she no 
doubt regarded as a sort of invitation—availed herself of the opportunity and, with eyes 
bright and tail erect, ran inside as I opened the door. But pussy’s tail soon dropped, for 
there was a young woman of mature years just inside the door evidently awaiting the cat’s 
entrance, for no sooner had the poor creature got inside the door than she viciously and 
forcibly stamped her foot on the cat’s tail and held it a prisoner till she caught it by the 
back of the neck and hurled it with all her might out on the stone pavement, The force 
was so great that the cat rolled over two or three times before it could stop itself. When 
it did regain its feet, it looked bewildered for a moment, then hurried off as best it could 
to a place of safety, if such a place can be found for a dumb, defenceless animal in the 
crowded and closely built up block on Fourteenth Street, between Fifth and Sixth Ave¬ 
nues. 

Cats sometimes display a good deal of tact in the management of their domestic af¬ 
fairs, as in the case of a back-yard cat that I heard of, which had either been lost or been 
driven from its former home. She had two kittens, and the cold weather was fast ap¬ 
proaching ; a home or warm place must be provided. Pussy had made several attempts 
to get into the house and home of a certain family I know, but had been driven out every 
time. So one morning, when a member of the family opened the back door, there, lying 
on the mat, was pussy with her two cute little kittens, looking up so beseechingly for a 
home, that the plea was too much for the family to withstand ; pussy and her family were 
taken in and given a home, and when the writer visited the house the children and the 
kittens were having a happy time. The one was company and amusement for the other. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


33 


looking countenance than in the happy, playful, jubilant looking 
face. Among those who resemble cats is a class of people who 
spend several hours a day in dressing preparatory to placing them¬ 
selves on a cushion, or some elevation where they may be seen; 
they are generally pleasant in society but in private life ill- 
tempered and ill-tongued. Such people will smile their sweetest 
when petted, humored, or the recipients of favors, but the moment 
you stroke the fur the wrong way their sweetness and sunny smiles 
depart and they are immediately transformed into regular spitfires, 
at least that has been my personal observation and experience of 
such people with such natures. A commendable quality in the 
character of pussy is her tender care for her kittens and her love 
of children, whom she rarely scratches, unless roughly treated or 
hurt.” I have not room here to go into details as to resemblance 
between men and animals. I have said this much in order to draw 
the attention of the reader to the importance of this branch of 
study, believing that in order to understand the peculiar disposi¬ 
tions of persons it is absolutely necessary to know what animal 
they resemble, and to further be familiar with the disposition and 
habits of said animal. It will not be easy at first to trace this re¬ 
semblance in persons to certain birds or animals. You may look 
at a hundred faces and discover no likeness to any known animal, 
but keep up the study of both human and animal faces and habits, 
and in time you will readily perceive the likeness. 

One of the marked characteristics that I see pictured in the 
human face of our own day and generation is a large amount of 
cunning, deceit and artfulness; this is due to what people proudly 
call civilization; with the increase of wealth and multiplicity of 
luxuries, the progress of the arts and sciences and polite culture, 
have come the excitement and development in the heart of decep¬ 
tion, evasion, dishonesty and licentiousness. Men and women in 
their eager desire to acquire money, that they may possess luxuries, 
dress, houses, carriages and all that goes to make up a refined or 
fashionable mode of life, have grown artful, cunning, deceitful and 
dishonest; they have played the double character of the cat and 
monkey. Where the life and habits of people are plain and unas¬ 
suming you will find faces that express less deceit and more frank¬ 
ness, purity and honesty. History furnishes a good illustration of 
this fact as recorded in Rollin’s Ancient History: “More happy 


34 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


effects were produced by the ignorance of vice in the Scythians 
than by the knowledge of virtue in the Grecians.” Says Justin: 
“It is a surprising thing that a happy, natural disposition, without 
thd assistance of education, should have inspired the Scythians 
with such wisdom and moderation as the Grecians could not at¬ 
tain to, neither by the institutions of their legislators, nor the rules 
and precepts of all their philosophers; and that the manners of a 
barbarous nation should be preferable so those of a people so 
much improved and refined by the polite arts and sciences.” 
When, in after years, the Scythians, who had shown their extreme 
aversion to all deceit and even dissimulation, had through inter¬ 
course with other nations, suffered self-interest and avarice to 
prevail amongst them, they lost their former virtues and aban¬ 
doned themselves to voluptuousness and luxury. Strabo asserts 
“that it was to the Romans and Grecians this fatal change of 
manners was owing. Our example has perverted almost all 
the nations of the world, by carrying the refinements of luxury 
and pleasure amongst them; we have taught them insincerity and 
fraud, and a thousand kinds of shameful and infamous arts to get 
money.” What a picture is this of modern civilization, for what 
Strabo asserted of the pernicious influence of Rome and Greece 
might be said of France to-day, the cradle of art, taste, politeness, 
culture, luxury, etc. Is she not the corrupter of nations through 
the corruption that exists in her own land through her godless, 
aesthetic civilization ? The genius of invention amongst men by 
which they invent modes of refinement and luxury, also invent 
refined modes of wickedness, and evil habits and designs, and this 
has been done to perfection in France and is being imitated in 
various forms in this country, and already the signs of it are visible 
in the countenances and features of the people. Unless the heart 
is purified by some heavenly influence, acting through the spiritual 
nature, all the civilizing influences of the arts and sciences will 
never elevate man upon a high and abiding plane of moral exist¬ 
ence. The moral and religious character of the average artist as 
well as the history of nations go to prove my statement. And 
herein lies the inefficiency and weakness of the Christian church of 
the present day — it is burdened with too much wealth, luxury, 
fashion and so-called civilization; hence, deceit, cunning, worldly- 



REV, DANIEL C. VAN NORMAN, LL.D. 


A Presbyterian. 

This gentleman was born in Canada, and for some years taught Classics and Physics 
in Victoria College, in Cobourg, Can. He had much of that earnest and thoughtful ex¬ 
pression peculiar to the intelligent class of Canadians. He was chiefly known in New 
York, where he resided for nearly thirty years, as the founder of the Van Norman Insti¬ 
tute for young ladies—a school situated opposite Central Park, in an elegant building for¬ 
merly the Morgan Mansion. 

This face bears the mark of the close and intent thinker, which is indicated by the 
lines running upward at the root of the nose between the eyebrows. The sharp, drooping 
eyelid shows tact, affability, discernment of character, and ability to manage human affairs 
and persons. There is a large amount of veneration, benevolence, and hospitality in his 
character, a more ready capacity to spend than to make ; not in the way of being lavish 
with money or property in a foolish or worthless way, but in the interest of the intellectual, 
moral, and religious welfare of the public. It was this sentiment and feeling, no doubt, 
which prompted him to found schools and teach. The high, narrow forehead reveals a 
literary and scholarly cast of mind, with considerable foresight and forethought, and the 












small, penetrating eyes express his scientific turn of mind. The face as a whole shows a 
strong character, one that is determined to fight through any obstacles or difficulties that 
may beset his pathway. It is these strong, forcible traits of character, combined with a 
deficiency of the organ of agreeableness, that imparts to the face a somewhat stern or severe 
expression. My study of human nature has led me to observe that many young people, 
especially young ladies or girls, are at first sight somewhat afraid of a countenance like 
this ; whereas, a smiling, soft countenance will attract them, no matter how weak, foolish, 
or worthless the character may be. The honest, earnest, sober countenances are generally 
the best because, as a rule, there are better hearts and characters behind them. Dr. Van 
Norman died in 1886. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


35 


mindedness, insincerity, formality and hypocrisy have crept into it, 
neutralizing largely its power for good. 

It is rather a difficult thing for even a physiognomist to decide 
which is the most important feature in revealing the character. I 
think it will be generally acknowledged, however, and I am inclined 
to that conclusion myself, that the eye is the most expressive and 
impressive of the three features. Next in importance to the eye I 
would place the mouth, and then the nose. In deciphering some 
phases of character I esteem the mouth or lips of greater impor¬ 
tance than the eye, but the latter, all things considered, will reveal 
more of the inner man than any other feature or part of the body, 
for various reasons; it is, in the first place, more largely, directly 
and intimately connected with the brain through the large and 
powerful optic nerve, making it almost a part of the brain. Then, 
being largely composed of muscle, it is capable of producing a great¬ 
er amount of expression than other parts of the face, notwithstand¬ 
ing the muscles of the mouth have greater expanding and contract¬ 
ing power. But the chief characteristic of the eye and wherein lies 
its crowning glory is its psychological expression and magnetic 
power; it is that quality which tells the story of love or hate, of 
virtue or vice, of calm or tempest, that reigns within the soul. Ac¬ 
cording to the depth, intensity and culture of the mind will the 
expression of the eyes be keen, penetrating and intelligent, or life¬ 
less, shallow and foolish. 

The moral or immoral character of a person is particularly dis¬ 
cernible in the eyes ; it is there you must look for the spirit life of 
the individual, the highest part or principle of his soul nature. 
Through no other feature can this higher life of his being express 
itself. The eye only is the medium through which mind 
acts upon mind, soul speaks to soul, and spirit communes with 
spirit. There are some things more clearly read in the eye when 
you are close to the person, such as the present or passing thoughts, 
emotions and feelings ; but the moral state of the soul is more 
clearly discerned from a distance, say from five to ten yards, more 
or less, according to the focus and strength of the eyesight of the 
observer. I mean by focus that some persons are long sighted and 
some are short sighted — an object that one person could clearly 
see at a distance of twenty feet another would only see ten feet 
away. 


36 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


It is astonishing what difference there is in the expression of 
some people’s eyes when seen close up and then at a respectable 
distance. The reader can see for himself by noticing faces and 
eyes when walking along the street. Watch the change in the 
countenance and psychological expression of the eyes as you ap¬ 
proach from a distance of twenty or thirty yards off till you meet 
and pass by them, only be careful not to stare the person out of 
countenance or look with such intense earnestness or eagerness as 
to annoy and confuse him or her, as the case might be. Women 
are long-range observers. They glance at a man from the distance 
and drop their eyes or slightly turn their heads as a gentleman ap¬ 
proaches, giving him a chance, if he so desires, to look at her when 
passing. Another good plan if you wish to read a person psycho¬ 
logically is to fix your eye on his as he enters your store, house or 
room and notice, and I might say feel, the change in his expres¬ 
sion and impression as he approaches. I remember passing a 
criminal one day on Broadway in New York, whom I had slightly 
known years before but had not seen or heard of for a long time. 
As I approached, his countenance seemed familiar, and when I 
got closer to him, so I could distinctly see the form and expres¬ 
sion of his eye, I instantly recognized him, though he was dressed 
entirely different. He could change his clothes, his hat and the 
cut of his beard, but he couldn’t change his wicked eyes (except 
by changing his habits of life) — they told the sad story of his past 
and present life. 

There is an eye which I have discovered of late years to be 
always associated with meanness, trickery or wickedness, and I 
wish to warn my readers against placing much confidence or doing 
business, except in the strictest and safest manner possible, with 
any person possessing such an eye. They are black eyes, or ap¬ 
parently so, and more or less sunken in the head, having a dull, 
smutty appearance; there is a lack of clearness, brightness and 
transparency. It is not so much the size of the eye I refer to as 
the dirty, black, smutty look it has, and the farther it is sunk in 
the head the meaner and more tricky it will be. They are not 
very common but there are too many of them considering the 
character they portray. I have had dealings with a few of this kind 
and never found one such person worthy of either business or 
social confidence. I have always trusted such persons far enough 
to give them a chance to show their real characters, taking care 



A BEARDED WOMAN. 

A strange freak of nature, in which a masculine nature is combined with a female 
form. The mouth is masculine but the nose and eyes are feminine. A frank, outspoken, 
earnest nature is expressed in such eyes, while cunning, evasion and simulation are not 
to be seen in this or similar eyes. 






































This face shows a good and pleasant ex¬ 
pression. The nose, which is considerably 
on the Grecian order, shows an aesthetical 
nature. The eyes express large soul, large 
capacity, and a frank, open, confiding na¬ 
ture. Note how well defined and clearly 
cut the eyelids are. 


This cut represents a mean and licen¬ 
tious-looking face. The expression is far 
from being pure, modest and innocent. Con¬ 
trast the expression of the eyes and mouth 
with those of the other engraving on this 
pige. 













THE HUMAN FACE. 


37 


not to get too much under their power, hence, I know whereof I 
speak. As a student of human nature and teacher of physiognomy 
it becomes necessary for me to experiment with new characters 
and features, and sometimes allow people, with my eyes wide open, 
to take advantage of me, because knowledge gained by personal 
observation and experience is better than hearsay, and I then 
know that I am positively correct in my judgment of such persons. 
In the summer of 1883 a man came into my New York office, had 
his head examined and bought one of my books. He claimed to 
be an Episcopal minister, and if he was not he was the best 
imitator of that profession I ever saw, not simply on account of his 
dress (for confidence men sometimes dress like clergymen), but 
his manners and tone of voice were similar to one accustomed to 
preach, and on the whole I am inclined to think he was, or had 
been, a minister. In my description of his character I told him he 
was cunning, evasive, could lie, and had passions which rendered 
him capable of being a very bad man; he acknowledged my state¬ 
ment to be correct. Before leaving he noticed a book lying on my 
table which he took quite a fancy to, and wanted to know where 
he could procure a copy. I replied that I did not know, as it was 
out of print and I did not care to part with the copy I had. Then 
he was all the more anxious to get it and I gave him the publisher’s 
address. I knew why he was so anxious to have that book; a part 
of it treated on mesmerism, and he probably thought he would 
learn how he could exercise the most influence over others, not 
perhaps by mesmerizing them but in a business and social way, for 
he had previously given me hints as to his power in that direction. 
Bad and evil designing men and women always study how they 
can exercise the most influence over others, whereas good and 
innocent people are too careless in that respect, hence, fall easy 
victims to such characters. Well, the next day he came back to 
know if I would not lend him that*book for two or three days. I 
did not like to do it, fearing I would not get it back, but as he had 
been a pretty good customer and the book was of ordinary value, 
and I had read it or most of it, I thought I would risk it and test 
him. As he was leaving my door I said to him, “You will be sure 
to return that book “I hope I am a gentleman and a Christian,” 
he replied, with considerable warmth and earnestness ; I thought 
to myself, I hope you are too, but I am afraid those qualities need 


38 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


developing considerably in you, for whenever I hear a man too 
emphatic in declaring himself a Christian, I have doubts either of 
the genuineness of his assertion or the amount of religion he 
possesses. Like a clerk in a bank, who became defaulter to a 
considerable extent, and who was last seen in the act of reading 
his Bible, as he was frequently accustomed to do before his 
employer, who already regarded this Bible reading as overdone and 
his clerk too good to be good. Two or three days passed by, and 
feeling all the time I should never see him or the book again, I 

went to the hotel to enquire and found that the Rev. -, as he 

was registered, had gone to Canada. He had wicked looking eyes, 
somewhat of the nature I have been describing, only they were 
not sunken, and had in addition that devilish expression and fullness 
between the upper eyelid and the eye-brow which gives that cun¬ 
ning, evasive and insincere look about the eyes. 

Honesty speaks from the whole countenance and is generally 
associated with the bony and angular form rather than the smooth, 
round, plump, pudding face, but it particularly expresses itself in 
the eyes, their shape and expression. When the corners of the 
eyes are not on a straight line they are apt to be crooked in 
character as well as in shape. If they turn downward at the outer 
corner they are not truthful in some respects; if they turn slightly 
they may simply tell a pleasant untruth and be marked by agreea- 
bility of speech; if they are turned down considerably they are 
inclined to lie in business matters, to show considerable tact in 
dealing with people and managing human nature, may be plausible 
and persuasive and make good salesmen and politicians. If they 
are almond-shaped or cat-like and are turned up at the outer 
corners similar to tigers and foxes, they are crafty and deceitful, 
like the Mongolian race, and especially if the eyes run downward in 
the inner corners. 

The fox shows its crafty, wide-awake, keen, active, on-the-alert 
characteristics in the acute angle of the eye and sharp snout. So 
also the narrow pointing of the eye in the elephant, in contrast 
to the fish or the roe, expresses craft. The eye of the hog expresses 
falsehood, and the whole face of that animal, from the ears to the 
point of the snout, expresses a mean, ignoble, malignant and ex¬ 
cessively sensuous nature, and yet people will eat and incorporate 
that debasing animal into their own bodies and characters ; no won- 




REV. THOMAS DIXON, Jr., M.A., 

Pastor of the Twenty-third Street Baptist Church, Corner Lexington Avenue, 

New York. 

He is a native of North Carolina, and though only twenty-five years of age, his marked 
and striking individuality of character has pushed him forward to the front ranks of pulpit 
oratory. Much of this gentleman’s power and influence as a speaker lies in his magnetic 
qualities—a peculiar characteristic of the brunette type of people, for he is a decided 
brunette—and the brunette is specially peculiar to the Southern States and climate. His 
countenance is expressive of a keen, active, intense, wide-awake, on-the-alert mind ; as 
full of intuition as a woman, quick perception, aspiring, lofty-minded character with a 
commendable ambition, which is quickened by a bright intellect. He is possessed of a 
strong and persistent will-power, which is seen in the drooping, square jaw and prominent 
or projecting chin. The lower part of this face—jaw and chin—bears a striking resem¬ 
blance to that of Wendell Phillips ; and, like Phillips, he will fight his way through diffi- 





culties and obstacles that beset his path. The nose, though somewhat, is not exactly on 
the Egyptian and Grecian order, and shows a far-seeing, artistic, and literary turn of mind. 
But the main characteristic I wish to speak of is the temperament, because the whole 
character is based upon it. He has the nervous-motive, or to be more exact, the nervous- 
bilious temperament. In this respect he strongly resembles- the great and noble Abraham 
Lincoln. Strange as it may seem, this is the temperament from which spring great saints, 
great sinners, and great minds and characters. Lithe in form, acute and sharp in mental 
acumen, he could not be anything else than all alive, brimful of physical and mental ac¬ 
tivity—a sort of human greyhound or race-horse. The setting of the lips is expressive of 
oratorical power, carefulness and precision of speech, and the indented corners show a 
vein of mirth and appreciation of refined humor. He would have made a good actor. 
His tall, striking figure, his extemporaneous manner of delivery, which enables him to 
keep his magnetic eyes on his audience, holding them spell-bound during his discourse, 
are the chief causes of his popularity as a speaker. Summed up in a word, this gentleman 
will be noted for genius and brilliancy of intellect, rather than for those strong, rugged 
traits which produce great power and force of character. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


39 


der there is so much of the animal and so little of the spiritual 
nature in the mass of people; they may about as well eat cats 
tigers and foxes. 

The physiognomy of serpents express not only craft, cunning 
and deceit, but treachery, malignity and very large destructiveness, 
the latter quality being shown in the broad head and deep cut 
mouth extending back of the eye and as seen in eagles; even 
their varied colors and meandering spots impress us of their 
deceitful and malignant character. 

A general liar, that is, one who will lie about anything, and 
very often when the truth would answer his purpose better, has 
that fullness I have already alluded to between the upper eye-lid 
and the eye-brow, that is, there is no space, or the eye does not 
recede under the eye-bone, leaving a hollow beneath the eye-brow 
and bone seen in some people. Round, full, open, frank looking 
eyes with the four corners on a straight line, that will look you 
quietly and steadily in the face when in conversation, are the most 
favorable to honesty, but don’t confound this quiet, steady look 1 
speak of with the bold, brazen, impudent stare of the lying and 
licentious eyes. There is modesty mingled with the former but 
only immodesty with the latter. Aside, however, from all form 
and rule you must read the psychological expression of the eyes 
and note the physiognomical sensation they produce upon your 
mind, which, combined with the known characteristics of certain 
forms and colors, will enable you to read correctly, providing you 
have studied physiognomy sufficiently and have talent in that 
direction. When the eyes are small, or rather look small on 
account of the eye-lids partially closing over the eye, giving a sort 
of peep-out appearance, you will find secretiveness, especially if 
the color of the eyes is light; the lighter the eyes and the smaller 
they appear the more secretive they are. If the eye should be 
small but dark instead of light, you may find them frank in some 
things but secretive in others, and if they are quite black you may 
expect to find them tricky, unreliable and perhaps treacherous, but 
judge cautiously in these respects as so much depends upon the 
color and surroundings of the eyes. 

A gentleman once asked a friend, “How does it happen that 
artful and subtle people always have one or both eyes rather 
closed?” “Because they are feeble,” answered he, “Who ever 


40 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


saw strength and subtlety united ? The mistrust of others is mean¬ 
ness towards ourselves.” 

The small-eyed people, that is, those in whom the eye-lids are 
not far apart, are adapted to science, mechanism, business, com¬ 
merce and worldly pursuits; whereas, large-eyed people, those in 
whom the eye-lids are wide apart, giving a full, open appearance, 
are more artistic, large-souled, and sometimes spiritually minded. 
The large, open eyes express more of the moral and sentimental 
faculties—the aesthetic nature- but the small, half-shut sort of eyes 
express more of the language of the selfish faculties and propensi¬ 
ties. It must be remembered, however, that the selfish faculties 
and propensities are as essential to man’s organism in this life as are 
the others, when properly used ; it is only their perversion and 
misuse that leads to evil. The small eye takes in things of small 
proportions; like the eye of the elephant, which can be brought to 
a focus that will enable it to pick up a needle with its proboscis ; 
whde the large eye is better adapted to wide ranges, taking in at a 
glance powerful impressions and great or vast scenes of nature — 
hence peculiar to the artist. 

The winking eye I am not in love with ; it is found in licentious 
and tricky people, and you may expect to find one or the other, 
and sometimes both, of these qualities in the man or woman who 
winks at you. I know that sometimes, where a few persons get 
together and are enjoying themselves, one person may wink at 
another in fun, but even then it is usually done to give the other 
party a hint to say or do something more or less funny, mischievous 
or tricky; and when a man winks at a woman, it is generally a 
suggestion or hint of an improper if not immoral nature, and I am 
not sure but a rapid blinking of the eyes betokens a rather amorous 
or fast nature, though I do not state this as a fact ; blinking may 
also indicate foresight and quickness in projecting. 

Neither do I like squinting eyes, those having false sight, which 
see one or both sides ; there is a look of insincerity, craft and de¬ 
ceit in them, a mistrustful and not to be trusted sort of expression. 

Nor do I admire large, bold, staring, projecting eyes, which 
seem to be a cross between those of the negro-monkey and dog¬ 
faced baboon; they show a good deal of cheek and impudence, 
and are generally of a greedy and covetous nature. 

The color of the eyes, as well as that of the skin and hair, is a 




Here is a pretty face, a cute, bright, wide-awake mind, but not a strong or great 
character. The eyes are expressive and somewhat fascinating, but the mouth is cold and 
wanting in real social or heart nature ; the affections are passive rather than active or 
demonstrative. Such a nature as this face portrays will be sweet, lively, agreeable and 
entertaining when persons and things are to her liking, but the opposite when her ideas, 
tastes or desires are not complied with. The love of display or attractive appearance is 
also apparent. 






















THE HUMAN FACE. 


41 


very important study in its relation to character ; and those colors 
most peculiar to the eyes are blue, green, yellow, orange, gray, 
brown and hazel. Eyes commonly called black are either a dark 
brown, saffron, or deep orange. Sometimes the colors in the eye 
will be mixed, such as gray and white, and blue and orange--the 
last two colors being the most commonly found in eyes. When 
there has been a crossing of races, within two or three genera¬ 
tions, the eyes are apt to be mottled or spotted. Yellow eyes, 
like those seen in the cat, panther and tiger, evince cruelty, 
deception and insincerity. The so-called black eyes can love and 
hate with all the intensity of their nature, and are generally revenge¬ 
ful and jealous. The true blue eye is about the opposite of the 
black, having calmness, amiability, sentiment, quietude of soul, 
without the gnawing worms of revenge and jealousy; they are, 
however, more significant of weakness, effeminacy and a yielding 
disposition, than brown or black. There may be powerful minds 
with blue eyes, but there will be more among the gray, brown or 
black—more manhood and strength of thought and character. 
Very light eyes are weaker in character than the blue, and are said 
to indicate scrofulous tendency—and if so, such persons should never 
intermarry. They are quite shallow in intellect, and live on the 
outside rather than on the inside, caring much for self, but having 
little sympathy for others. One writer asserts that green eyes or 
green spotted with yellow reveal excessive jealousy and suspicion, 
while another considers the propensity to green a pretty sure token 
of ardor, fire and courage. I presume all these characteristics will be 
found more or less in eyes ranging between the brown and green, 
or a blending of both colors. Men and women of irritability, 
peevishness, anger and passion, will be found among all colors, but 
more among the dark and light shades than the pure blue. For my 
part, I consider light eyed and light complexioned people more 
prone to dishonesty and trickery than the dark. Blue eyes, accom¬ 
panied with black hair, however, express far more passion and less 
purity than with lighter hair. I consider the clear blue eyes the 
purest of all colors, as indicative of character, and the gray eye the 
most intelligent, talented, calculative and philosophical. Some of 
our greatest scholars have gray eyes. Dark gray eyes will often 
look black at night time, or much darker than they really are. 
Some one has said that “blue eyes with black hair show control of 


42 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


feeling, ability for planning, plotting and conspiracy; can carry oat 
their plans in a very secret manner, while affecting an air of frank¬ 
ness.” I have not yet studied that combination sufficiently to ex¬ 
press my own opinion on it — the reader must observe for himself 
in that particular. The pure gray eye, the milk and water color, is 
cool rather than ardent in love matters (unless the person has in¬ 
herited a strong passion from some special cause), but may never¬ 
theless be inclined to be suspicious. “In the gray eyes, where the 
white predominates over the blue, the person is subject to diseases 
of the kidney system and pain in the small of the back. In females, 
the reproductive system is also affected, indicating mechanical ob¬ 
struction in its functions, and, as a consequence, diminished mental 
activities and moral proclivity and power.” There is no doubt in 
my mind but what the moral character and intellectual power of 
a person is, to some extent, dependent upon the healthy action 
of the organs of secretion, because whatever irritates any part 
of the body, as unsecreted matter must of necessity do, will 
irritate the nervous system and brain, and through the brain 
affect the mind. But the light-eyed people, especially if the 
eye is small, are good at keeping secrets; whereas, brown and 
dark-eyed people, particularly those with large, full eyes, are not ; 
they just ache to tell a thing, and if, in addition to the dark eye, the 
individual has large approbativeness and language, and there is 
anything in the secret calculated to excite the curiosity of people, 
the temptation to tell it would be still stronger, and a woman with 
such an eye and qualities, entrusted with such a secret, would re¬ 
quire to be muzzled to keep it, unless she possessed strong love 
and friendship for the person who imparted the secret, then she 
might have power enough to bridle her tongue ; but even then, if 
her love waned, or the tie of friendship was unloosed, the secret 
would be made known. Not so with the light eyes ; they would 
keep a secret without any particular bond of union, and even if 
they became unfriendly or enemies they might still keep the secret, 
providing the other party left them alone and did not annoy them, 
or stir up the nest in which the secret was slumbering, or the grave 
in which it was laid. Hazel eyes are very affectionate, ardent 
demonstrative, and impulsive; they are found largely in the French. 

When in Wheeling, West Virginia, a few years ago, I noticed 
more hazel and deep brown eyes among the school children than 



A good illustration of the English face. The features are well formed and expressive 
of goodness, kindness, sympathy, generosity, and a firm, strong, practical and energetic 
character. A man of force who will in a measure mould circumstances to suit himself 
rather than change himself to suit circumstances. This face in many respects resembles 
the great and good Abraham Lincoln, our martyred President. The mouth shows 
refinement, culture and affection without perverted passion ; in fact, for a man, the lips 
and mouth are almost perfect and indicative of a noble-hearted nature. The eye is the 


EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K. G. 








opposite of what I call the devil’s eye, hence may be properly termed the spiritual eye. 
There is no guile, deceit, cunning or trickery in an eye with this expression and form of 
eye lid ; note how well defined the upper lid is and how it recedes under the eye bone 
and brow. What a frank, honest look there is to such an eye ; how calmly and steadily it 
can look you in the face and gain on your good will the longer you look at it. Then the 
nose, how finely formed that is, neither too long nor too short, standing well out from the 
face. The mathematical proportions of this face are also perfect, the three parts being 
about evenly divided, namely, from the hair to the root of nose, then ^the nose from the 
root or frontal sinus to its point and from the point of the nose to the chin. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


4 3 


I have seen in any other section of the country I have thus far 
visited. These eyes and their accompanying natures remind me of 
the small black shiny-haired dogs with similar eyes, that will jump 
up in your lap and commence to lick you all over before you hardly 
know where they are. Boys with such eyes are apt to be a little 
wild, rash and impulsive in their conduct, through the warmth, 
ardor and fire of their soul nature; and the girls will show more 
dash, enthusiasm, intensity and fervor in their conduct, and if they 
should happen to be troubled with the flirting mania, they will 
make pretty lively flirts — to them it will be a regular business, 
and they will follow it up with a devotion and earnestness as 
though their very lives, like that of Black Crook, depended upon 
their securing a new victim occasionally. 

Eyes that are deeply sunken in the head show weak powers of 
mind, which try to conceal and supply their deficiencies by the use 
of cunning. Such eyes are generally small, and when black-looking 
they reveal a nature addicted or liable to low, beastly and unnat¬ 
ural habits of a sexual nature. Especially may you look for such 
propensities as were common in the days of Sodom and Gomorrah, 
when the eyes, in addition to being dark and sunken, have that 
sort of smutty look already described in this work. The eyes and 
habits of the monkey and ape somewhat illustrate this class of 
human eyes, with their characteristics, except the color is not so 
dark in the monkey. The light, sunken eye may betoken a weak, 
secretive and cunning mind, and though they may sometimes be 
passionate, they are not so prone to degrading vices. The monkey 
eye, as well as that of other animals, differs from the human in the 
want of or the concealing of the white of the eye. 

Dr. Simms says, when referring to the two kinds of muscles 
found in people, that those having large eyes that are not full and 
protruding, have thin, flat muscles, and that such persons are devoid 
of juices, their emotions not spontaneous, and their execution of 
art difficult; whereas, persons with full, prominent eyes have the 
round, full muscles, and are more emotional and have greater art 
talent. If he refers to dramatic art, I judge he is correct, but if he 
means aesthetic art, or painting, drawing, etc., I should differ with 
him a little, because I consider the talent for the fine arts due more 
to the nervous than muscular system, though I doubt not but a fine 
quality of muscle, combined with the nervous temperament, is ad- 


44 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


vantageous and even essential to a great artist. Michael Angelo 
is an illustration of such a combination. The reader must bear in 
mind that there is a difference between emotion and sensation ; 
emotion arises from the muscular system, and sensation from the 
nervous system. The actor, in delineating different characters and 
moods of mind, becomes emotional, and sometimes shows intense 
agitation; but the artist and lover of art deals more in sensation. 
Looking at a beautiful landscape, painting or flowers, there is an 
immediate sensation of delight which thrills the brain and soul, but 
none of the muscular agitation and mental excitement found in 
emotion. All the use the artist has for muscle is to give him dexterity, 
effectiveness, and boldness in the scope and execution of his work; 
the real talent comes from the brain and nervous system. It may 
be difficult to draw the dividing line between emotion and sensa¬ 
tion, but it seems to me they bear about the same relation to each 
other that boiling water does to hot water; boiling water must of 
necessity be hot before it can boil and bubble up, but it is not nec¬ 
essary that water should boil in order to be hot — hence you can 
have hot water without its boiling, but you can not have boiling 
water till it first becomes hot. So I consider there may be sensation 
without emotion, but not emotion without sensation — because it is 
the brain and nervous system that first acts upon and stirs up the 
muscles, producing emotion, but the muscles do not first act upon 
the nerves; mind and brain are intimately connected — mind and 
muscle only indirectly connected, through their connecting link, 
brain and nerves. 

The eye-lids are worthy of consideration, as to their shape, 
thickness or thinness, and color of the e'dges. Beauty or perfection 
in the form of the lids is as essential to good traits of character as 
it is in any other part or feature of the face. When the under arch 
of the upper eye-lid is perfectly circular it indicates goodness and 
tenderness, combined with timidity, fear and weakness. I judge 
timidity, etc., will be expressed mostly in the thinness of the eye¬ 
lids, and that the thicker the lids the more courageous and rash the 
person will be, the latter particularly when the eyes are wide open 
and the white is seen under the apple of the eye. When the eye¬ 
lid forms a straight line over the pupil, it proclaims a very acute, 
subtle and able person. Eye-lids tinged with red may mean in¬ 
flamed and sore eyes—some blood or skin disease. Drink, unbridled 



FROM A FRENCH PHOTOGRAPH. 

A sweet, pleasing, winning, happy and contented expression. With the round, 
smooth, plump face there is generally associated a cheerful, lively, sociable and happy 
nature. This is the kind of woman that will make a good wife because she will rule by love, 
amiability and feminine tact and ingenuity, notwithstanding there may be a slight tendency 
toward voluptuousness rather than to rigid morality. Should her husband come home a 










































little irritable and cross she will not make him worse by upbraiding, scolding and disputing 
with him, but soothe his ruffled temper with a little of the oil of female love and sweetness. 
I care not how peevish and out of humor a man may be on his return to his home, if he has 
the manners and instincts of a gentleman in him—in other words, if he is not a brute, and 
has a wife worthy the name of such, if she will only use the natural tact God has given 
her sex, she can, with a few minutes’ caressing and petting, have him as gentle and docile 
as a pet lamb. But a woman with a cold, masculine or unlovable disposition need never 
expect to get very far into a man’s heart. There will not be much cordiality and love 
between husbands and wives who never caress or kiss each other from one year’s end to 
the other. Where there is congenial and heartfelt love the affections will speak and 
breathe through the lips. I prefer, however, to see the lips a little fuller in a woman than 
are here shown, but this subject expresses a disposition that is willing to try and please, 
win and adapt itself to another person, which is a very important matter in cementing the 
affections between man and wife, or even two friends of the same gender. 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


45 


lust and general dissipation may give a red, inflamed appearance to 
the whole eye, and need not be confounded with other signs. 

Eye-brows are the near neighbors of the eyes, and assist very 
much in giving and modifying the expression of the eyes, besides 
having significant characteristics of their own ; they are to the eyes 
what a roof is to the house, both useful and ornamental. The 
nearer the eye-brows are to the eyes, the sterner, harsher and more 
repellant will be the expression of the eyes; and the farther they 
recede from the eyes, the more open, soft, mild, inviting and 
approachable will be the expression. The more curved or regu¬ 
larly arched and smooth the eye-brows are, the more feminine, 
youthful and beautiful will the eyes look. Straight and rectilinear 
eye-brows are masculine; when the eye-brows are arched in a hor¬ 
izontal line across the forehead, there will be a masculine mind or 
judgment, with feminine kindness and gentleness. The color of 
the eye-brows also adds or detracts very much from the beauty of 
the eyes; the dark colors enhance the power of their expression 
very much more than the light colors, rendering them more strik¬ 
ing, fascinating and beautiful. So the abundance of the hair on the 
brows is of equal importance, as scanty eye-brows leave a bare, 
almost vacant, something-wanting sort of look in the eyes. When 
the eye-brows are shaggy, straggling and perplexed, there will be 
irritability of temper, peevishness or impetuosity, especially the 
latter, if the hairs project much and are coarse; the smoother they 
lie on the brow, the more calmness and evenness of temper may be 
expected. Amiable dispositions and fiery tempers can easily be 
read by the eye-brows ; when the hair is fine and soft, however, the 
wild, perplexed appearance of the eye-brows may express a mild 
form of irritability, with gentle ardor. The more the eye-brows 
crowd down over the eyes, the more deep, firm, earnest, resistant 
and positive will be the character, the more penetrating the 
mind and expression of the eye, the more will the person be 
disposed to fight against difficulties, surmount obstacles and force 
his way through life. The greater the space between the eye and 
brow, or the more elevated is the eye-brow, the more passive, 
pleasant, approachable, easy-going, easily moved, volatile, less 
enterprising or pushing, and less inclined to meet trouble or con¬ 
tend with adversity, will the person be. If the eye-brows are quite 
high and weak, there will be a deficiency of fortitude and prudence, 


40 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


and most likely a lack of profound thought. The weaker the eye¬ 
brows— that is, the less hair there is, the less power, ardor and 
strength of character will be found. White eye-brows are also said 
to signify weakness, but dark brows firmness and strength; with 
dark, heavy eye-brows I always associate strong, constant love for 
the opposite sex. Sunken eye-brows seem to express a severe and 
melancholic character. When the hairs of the eye-brows are com¬ 
pressed and firm, running parallel, as if cut, they show profound 
wisdom, a firm, mature, manly understanding, and a true and 
unerring perception; at least, so says Lavater. Occasionally we 
see people with eye-brows that come to a point on the root of the 
nose, and I have studied and searched for some time to decipher 
their meaning. My own impression is that they indicate a jealous, 
morose or cynical nature — one or all of these qualities combined. 
One gentleman suggested that it means stupidity, and an old book 
I saw says it indicates an ignoble, savage, malevolent, dishonest and 
impious nature. That stupidity is sometimes expressed with this 
peculiar formed eye-brow, I think quite likely, because I can con¬ 
ceive stupidity may be a companion of jealousy, for jealous persons 
generally act and do very stupid things — but that all these other 
horrible characteristics are expressed in that sign, I doubt very 
much; they may, however, be associated with heavy, bushy eye¬ 
brows, that come close down or hang over the eyes, and descend 
and meet on the nose in a V shape; such a formation as that cer¬ 
tainly shows a savage, repulsive, ugly disposition, full of subterfuge, 
and hard to understand or deal with. The kind of jealousy I refer 
to here as indicated by the meeting eye-brows is that which springs 
from a peculiarity of the love nature, and not that kind of jealousy 
frequently found associated with a suspicious nature. In other 
words, I have come to the conclusion there are two kinds of jeal¬ 
ousy, a love jealousy and a suspicious jealousy, the latter being the 
most unreasonable, mean and selfish, rendering the person pos¬ 
sessed of it almost insane and liable to commit rash and even 
criminal acts; the former having more love in it is less harm¬ 
ful. There are various forms of the meeting eye-brows, which, of 
course, may modify their meaning. Sometimes there will be a 
tuft of hair in the center of the eye-brows like a little island, and 
one or two long, bristly hairs in the middle of the tuft. I am 
inclined to think that shows a fast nature or a disposition to 



THE IMPURE AND IRRELIGIOUS FACE. 

I do not know the person, nor even the name, this cut represents, but use it on gen¬ 
eral principles to illustrate this type of character. There are a great many similar faces 
and characters. The expression, as a whole, shows a nature far more susceptible to evil 
influences than to good impressions; and, unless properly and carefully trained in early 
life, are pretty sure to turn out bad. These small, black eyes are insinuating, artful, 
suggestive and wicked. There is also a certain kind of fascination about them which 
tempts and allures. The mouth is somewhat licentious. Such a nature will take to sin 
and general deviltry like a duck to the water, but will shun religious exercises, influence, 
restraint and society. The character is light and passional, and wanting in strength and 
solidity. The face, though pretty, is mere animal beauty; nothing spiritual about it. 
The conscience of such a face is slippery, unreliable, sometimes treacherous, and will 
stretch like India rubber. 



























1 




























. 




















































































































































































* 













































































































































THE HUMAN FACE. 


47 


frequently gratify the sexual passion without any scruples as to 
the morality of such conduct. Sometimes a single deep, perpen¬ 
dicular line will be found with this tuft, and then I am inclined to 
doubt the sincerity or honesty of the person, especially in matters 
pertaining to the sexual instincts, but I make these two latter 
statements as suggestions rather than positive information. 

To look at a man’s mouth is to look at his heart, and the two 
are inseparably connected. As the eyes express the mind and 
spirit-life of the person, so the lips and mouth reveal the heart and 
social nature. Never decide on the general character of any man 
or woman till you have carefully studied the mouth, with its 
surrounding expression. I lay very great stress upon the mouth, 
in reading character, because it represents the heart, and the heart 
is the main-spring of all human action, the fountain from which 
flow all the desires, impulses, and habits of one’s life, whether good 
or evil. No other feature shows so clearly how near man is by 
nature to the animal kingdom, or to the heavenly and divine char¬ 
acter; soul beauty and heart depravity stamp their images upon 
the lips — they tell the story as to whether the mind is refined, cul¬ 
tivated and intelligent, or coarse, ignorant and stupid. There are 
several animals with beautiful eyes, but who ever saw one with a 
beautiful mouth; and the reason is apparent — no animal has the 
refined, intelligent mind, combined with a heart of love, to produce 
a mouth and lips like unto the human; and I repeat again, no 
other feature so clearly draws the line of distinction between man 
and the brute creation as the mouth, and no other shows how high 
or low a man is in the scale of humanity; no other so well adapted 
to compare man with man, woman with woman. I do not know 
that I can paint a better word picture of this feature than Lavater 
has done, when he declares the mouth to be the chief seat of wis¬ 
dom and folly, power and debility, virtue and vice, beauty and de¬ 
formity, of the human mind; the seat of all love, all hatred, all 
sincerity, all falsehood, all humility, all pride, all dissimulation, and 
all truth. I feel, after years of study, observation and experience, 
that I can endorse his description of the human mouth, and, in this 
part of my work, I make occasional selections from Lavater, partly 
in honor and memory of a great and good man, and partly because 
I discovered, after reading his work, or a part of it, that his mode 
and the results of his observations were so similar to my own, 


i 


48 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


although nearly all of my works, except this chapter, were written 
before I ever read Lavater. I may as well say right here, also, that 
Lavater was not, as some may think, the discoverer or even first 
writer on physiognomy—and he probably received many suggestions 
and signs of character from ancient writers; nor do I think all of 
his rules can be relied upon, nor is his work gotten up in a practical 
and popular style for the public to peruse and be able to practically 
apply. Lavater was a plain, unassuming man, a minister of the 
Gospel, who labored for the good of mankind; he was a great 
observer but not so great a thinker. His name is worthy of 
remembrance and should be handed down to future generations. 

In selecting a suggestion or paragraph from any other author, 
I only use what 1 think, from my own observations and intuition, 
can be relied upon in the main if not in the total. I do not believe 
in writing a lot of theatrical trash of no practical value, just to fill 
up and make a big book, for if a man only writes what he knows to 
be a fact, or has learned or discovered himself, he will not write a 
very large book, especially on this science. Neverthless, when most 
people goto buy a book, they look at the size of it and judge of 
the value of it accordingly; that is certainly a very foolish and 
stupid way of buying or judging of a book. It reminds me of a 
congregation who found fault with their pastor for preaching 
such short sermons; and when the committee called on him in 
reference to the matter, they asked him how long it took him to 
prepare his sermons. He said: “Well, it takes me most of the 
week to prepare two half hour sermons for Sunday; but if you 
want them three-quarters of an hour long, I can prepare them in 
half the time, and if you want them to last an hour or over, I can 
make them up as I go along.” So the question is — reader, when 
you buy a book on a scientific subject—whether you want your 
information pointed and condensed, in a nut-shell, as it were, or 
spun out by the yard, to make a big book that contains no more 
information than it might in half the size, and will confuse your 
mind twice as much in trying to understand it. 

If you want to know whether a man is really generous, good- 
hearted and noble-minded or not, the mouth is really the place to 
discover these qualities, or the absence of them. When both lips are 
fully developed, nicely formed, and of healthy color, you may expect 
to find a good-hearted nature—affectionate, generous, liberal, social, 


I 



AN INSURANCE AGENT. 


This broad face and head shows a commercial, business and executive turn of mind. 
The nose particularly expresses a commercial tendency or talent which is seen in its 
width at the base and center and prominence in the ridge. The fullness of the eyes 
evinces a good share of the faculty of language, which, together with a good-sized and 
flexible mouth, renders him an easy and ready talker—a very important gift for an insur¬ 
ance agent. I should not call him a gabbler, however—he has too much reserve, common 
sense and aristocratic spirit for that. Too much talk is as bad as not enough, even for an 
insurance agent or a book agent. The great art of influencing another’s mind in social, 
business or religious matters, is to know just what to say, when to say it and how to say it. 
Many a sale or bargain has been lost by inappropriate, excessive or ill-timed conversation, 
and I don’t know but I might say many a soul has been lost in the same way. Some 
parents talk to their children too much, select the wrong time to do it and do not clothe 
their thoughts in the right language. When an intelligent young couple are courting 
they are very particular how they write and talk to each other; they should be just as par¬ 
ticular in all the affairs of life. Words mean something, and when properly used are very 
effective instruments in moving the mind. I remember listening to an insurance agent 
one evening trying to pcx'suade a man to take out a policy ; he understood his business 
well, knew just what and how much to say and when to say it, and thus got him to insure 
his life. I have not selected this face, however, as a type of an insurance agent or 
canvasser ; he is probably better suited for the office or business part of an insurance 
company. 














































THE HUMAN FACE. 


49 


neighborly and accommodating, especially when the phrenological 
organ of benevolence, located at the top and fore part of the head, 
is well developed; but should this organ be large, and the lips 
tightly closed and thin, you may get sympathy from such a man, 
but not much personal help or accommodation either in a commercial 
or social way. The thin lips are cold, precise, exacting, economical 
and generally close-mouthed; not necessarily secretive, though 
they are often called secretive — that peculiarity arises more from 
the indisposition to talk, especially where the organ of language is 
not large. Good speakers have large and flexible mouths, and such 
are more communicative than the smalbmouthed and thin-lipped 
people. Thin, compressed lips have also a great deal of self- 
restraint, and control, and any passions such persons may have are 
generally kept in subjection; but the large-mouthed and full, 
thick-lipped person is apt to give loose reins to his passions and 
impulses, and such a mouth‘and lips denote a large amount of 
sensuality, particularly when the color is deep or dark crimson, the 
intensity of which will depend largely on the temperament. Indo¬ 
lence and inertia are other characteristics which generally go with 
very fleshy lips. If the lips, in addition to being thin and com¬ 
pressed, are straight-cut and sharp, you may look for stinginess, 
avarice and anxiety, especially if acquisitiveness and cautiousness 
be large, or the nose is broad and slightly hooking at the point. 
Firm or stiff lips, especially the upper, show firmness; but if the 
lips lack firmness, and are quick in motion, the character will be 
weak and wavering. 

The feelings are very easily shown and read in the lips; agita¬ 
tion of the mind or trouble of the heart, for instance, will cause a 
trembling or twitching of the lips—and in this way guilt, insincerity 
or falsehood may be frequently detected, by watching the motion 
of the lips and the expression of the mouth, just as deaf people 
learn to read words by the movement of the lips ; of course persons 
of a nervous temperament, timid nature and small secretiveness, 
will show their feelings more readily than others with an opposite 
organization. A lady once told me she always covered or concealed 
her mouth when she wished to hide her feelings; her emotions 
were too plainly visible in that feature for her comfort and peace 
of mind when in company. 

A straight line, lipless mouth is the opposite to the full, thick, 


50 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


curved lips, not only in form, but in character; the latter—warm, 
ardent, social and graceful in social qualities ; the former—indiffer¬ 
ent, cold as an iceberg socially, but industrious, having the power 
generally to manage and control others as well as themselves. 
Bear in mind that the color of the lips will be an important con¬ 
sideration in determining the amount of sensuality in the person— 
the deeper the color, the more of it ; the lighter red showing a 
milder form of passional and sensuous nature. 

•I do not like projecting mouths, having a pouting appearance; 
when such lips are flexible, soft, and tolerably full, they seem to me 
to express beastly sensuality, or a selfish, voluptuous nature, that 
will live in the enjoyment and gratification of the animal appetites, 
and indulge in the luxuries of life as far as they can, caring for 
self and self-pleasure only, regardless of others. There may be a 
vein of good nature in such mouths, but its manifestation will de¬ 
pend largely upon the conceit or vanity of the person being stim¬ 
ulated, for I believe these qualities to be also expressed in such 
protruding, pouting, flexible lips. If such lips are thin, there may 
be less sensuality, but a self-important, conceited, I-am-somebody 
sort of feeling. 

Winckelmann, in his History of Art, says : “ The projecting 
mouths of the negroes, which they have in common with their 
monkeys, is an excess of growth, a swelling, occasioned by the heat 
of the climate, like as our lips are swelled by heat or sharp saline 
moisture ; and also, in some men, by violent passion. The small 
eyes of the distant northern and eastern nations are in consequence 
of the imperfection of their growth ; they are short and slender. 
Nature produces such forms the more she approaches extremes 
where she has to encounter heat or cold ; in the one she is prompter 
and exhausted, and in the other, crude, never arriving at maturity ; 
the flower withers in excessive heat, and deprived of sun, is de¬ 
prived of color. All plants degenerate in dark and confined places.” 

Mouths are objectionable, and reveal a character out of harmony, 
in which the lips are not even. In some, the lower lip projects 
beyond the upper, sometimes indicating an implacable, irreconcil¬ 
able disposition when enmity is aroused, and seeking to bring or 
force others to their terms or conditions, and sometimes expressing 
a simple, childish sort of mind. When the upper lip protrudes or 
hangs over the lower, it appears to me to indicate a conceited 



JUDAS ISCARIOT. 

From a Painting by Holbein. 

As to how much of a likeness this is of Judas I cannot say. It is certainly a strongly- 
marked Jewish face, especially the nose; and the facial form and expression indicates a 
mean, stingy and treacherous disposition. Note how the point of the nose hooks and 
droops almost on a level with the mouth; such natures are invariably deceitful or treach¬ 
erous, and generally mean in their business dealings. A nose so convex and hooking as 
the above cut represents, is essentially selfish; and the friendship of a person with such a 
nose is rather shallow. The eye so small and fiat expresses a small, mean, pinched-up 
sort of a soul; apt to be very secretive and cunning. The mouth reveals a common, 
coarse, vulgar mind; a decided lack of the oesthetical nature; and such a head of hair 
denotes a rough, slovenly organization, mentally and physically. I would no more think 
of taking such a face as the above into partnership with me than I would think of com¬ 
mitting suicide. 







A highway-robber. Note the rough and low organic quality; the large, thick, 
animal neck; the broad head between the ears, giving physical courage and force; 
also, the mean expression of the mouth, and the protruding under lip, indicative of 
an unkind and implacable disposition. 



THE HUMAN FACE. 


51 


feeling, mingled with an anxious curiosity, and not very intelligent 
mind. All disproportion between lips, and all deformities of the 
mouth, show similar peculiarities of the heart. So, if one lip is 
fuller than the other, it means the affectional nature is not balanced, 
or some part of it deficient. Fullness in the upper lip shows the 
affections to be active, demonstrative, but fullness in the lower lip, 
with the upper thinner, shows the love nature to be passive, willing 
to be acted upon, but not demonstrative itself, except in a special 
way or on special occasions ; but when both lips are full, with a 
healthy color, the affections are both active and passive, willing to 
bestow and receive caresses and kisses. Lips or mouths drawn to 
one side, with an indentation and slight elevation of the corner, 
show a sarcastic, sneering, bitter, slightly malicious nature, with a 
feeling of contempt or disdain for those who displease them. A 
straight mouth is certainly more indicative of good feeling and 
straightforwardness than a one-sided one. Ugly, deformed-looking 
mouths belong to characters that are ugly and deformed ; rough, 
coarse, rowdy natures hang out their signs in their mouths. Toughs, 
pimps, and all the low, vicious classes of society, both male and 
female, have ugly, deformed, animal-looking mouths ; and, as a rule, 
thieves, burglars and highway robbers have either mean, sneaky 
eyes, or common, coarse, mean mouths, sometimes both ; and even 
in persons belonging to what is termed good society, you will find 
plenty of mean mouths — and whenever you see any mean, un¬ 
pleasant mouth, rest assured you will find it in the disposition once 
it is aroused. There are a great many beautiful eyes and noses, 
but comparatively few beautiful mouths, especially among men. 

Women, having more heart-nature, and being almost free from 
the dirty, degrading habits which men practice, have prettier and 
more perfect mouths -that is, in proportion to the number found 
in men. The tobacco habit is bad for the mouth and lips, and, 
though I have no desire to give offence, as already stated, I 
want to warn people against what is so injurious to body, mind 
and soul. Then the base passions of men, which are stronger than 
those of women, lend their influence in disfiguring the lips, and 
were it not for the mustaches some men wear, their mouths would 
spoil the look of their whole countenance. It is a blessed thing 
for humanity that the laws of nature compel people to sleep about 
one-third of their lifetime, otherwise the majority of the race would 


52 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


have terrible and hideous looking faces, and passionate men and 
women would undoubtedly become raving maniacs. Sleep, how¬ 
ever, gives rest to the propensities as well as the mental faculties, 
and serves as a check to their rapid and powerful growth ; for the 
passions grow up and flourish in the soul like weeds in the garden, 
and sweet, gentle, soothing sleep is the gardener that keeps them 
down, and prevents bad thoughts and habits from gaining too great 
an ascendancy over the moral and intellectual nature. The B.ble 
says : “The thoughts of man’s heart are continually evil”—hence, 
if there was no intermission to these thoughts, day or night, what 
deformed features and fiendish countenances we would have! Im¬ 
agine the selfish thoughts and propensities of men having full play 
upon their faces for, say ten, consecutive years, without a moment’s 
cessation. Do you think they would wan# their pictures taken at 
the end of that time ? Not if they first saw themselves in the 
looking-glass. 

Aside from the moral aspect of the mouth its study is of very 
great importance to the business man, traveling agent, teacher, 
minister and judge, because it is the key that unlocks the outer 
door of the heart that you may look, if not walk, inside. Men 
always treat each other in business affairs according to their heart, 
nature or feelings; their transactions in commercial life are not, 
after all, according to principle so much as how they feel toward 
you. For instance, a man is short of money and wants to borrow 
a certain sum from a neighbor or get the time of a note extended. 
That accommodation will depend on how in his heart he feels 
toward you, and to reach his heart and make a favorable impres¬ 
sion you must know from his mouth what kind of a heart he has 
that you may be the better able to adapt yourself to his nature 
and ways of thinking and acting. If you see a man with whom 
you contemplate doing business, and he has one of the cold, 
heartless, thin, small, compressed lip mouths, you had better 
not get in his debt, give any mortgages or judgment notes, nor in 
any way place yourself financially under his power and control. 
You may expect such a man with such a mouth to foreclose mort¬ 
gages and take all he can get, because he will not have heart 
enough to have any feeling for your financial embarrassment or 
personal suffering ; if he has the organ of benevolence he may have 
a little pity or sympathy and tell you how sorry he feels for your 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


53 


misfortune, but like a shark he will gobble you up all the same. 
But when you see a man with a good sized flexible mouth and full 
rolling cushion sort of lips, then you will find, as a rule, a generous, 
neighborly, accommodating man to do business with, one who will 
frequently give or yield rather than take advantage of another’s 
misfortune. I am speaking now on general principles — there may 
be exceptional cases arising from various causes. A man may 
have a good-hearted nature with bad habits or dishonest tenden¬ 
cies, which may lead him to do what he otherwise would not. You 
may also occasionally find a man with thin lips who may be dis¬ 
posed to be liberal, accommodating and neighborly. 

Socially considered the mouth has a good deal to do with the 
happiness of people ; suppose a man with full lips, showing a strong 
heart nature, selects a lipless, heartless sort of woman for a wife, 
he may get a good economical housekeeper, but he will not have 
an affectionate, warm-hearted companion, and will be minus the 
essential and womanly qualities that constitute a wife. It is 
these mean-mouthed women that rush into the courts with all 
sorts of frivolous excuses for a divorce whenever there is a little 
disagreement or disturbance at home, and just such mean-mouthed 
men that socially and financially starve their wives and perhaps 
desert them. Men and women with nice mouths are not apt — 
without some very aggravating cause — to play nasty, little, mean, 
dishonest tricks upon one another, whether married or single. 
But while on the one hand it is necessary to guard against the 
exactions, meanness and cold-heartedness of this almost lipless 
class of people, it is likewise necessary to deal cautiously with 
those having too much lip and mouth, whose excess of heart 
nature may make spendthrifts of them or lead them into 
acts of folly and wickedness, and for a business man to be too 
liberal in giving credit or too easy in his dealings with such 
persons, would be to injure them as well as himself, and perhaps 
bring ruin upon both. A man can be too free and lavish, as many 
are, as well as too close and stiff, and either extreme should be 
avoided. It is these big-hearted, free-and-easy fellows that run 
through fortunes, borrow money, get hard up, and after living as 
long as they can on other people “go to the dogs.” 

The nose is also an important feature and adds very much to 
the beauty and finish of the face. A short, flat, insignificant nose 


54 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


makes a peculiar looking face and causes its possessor to appear as 
though he didn’t know much and would never amount to anything. 
Indeed the nose is what you may call the architectural feature of 
the face; it seems to be the supporting column of the forehead and 
the relief ornament of the whole face, and I rather think its shape, 
size and proportion will have considerable to do with a man’s talent 
for architecture ; its shape certainly reveals whether he has invent¬ 
ive genius or not, and its size has much to do with the boldness of a 
man’s projects and the energy he has for pushing them through, 
and these are essential qualities to the architect. A man’s taste 
is shown largely by his nose, for in the Grecian we invariably find 
the aesthetical nature, whereas, in the pug nose we do not. The 
strength, power and energy of a man’s character may be looked 
for in his nose. The success of a general upon the field of battle 
will depend a good deal upon the size and shape of his nose. The 
histories of noted warriors all go to prove this, the exceptions, if any, 
being very rare. The success of a man in business will depend 
considerably on what kind of a nose he has, for if there is anything 
a man’s nose does show clearly, it is his disposition to look after 
dollars and cents ; his commercial, trading, speculating and ener¬ 
getic qualities of mind. Some men’s noses are something like that 
of the hunting dog — they are regular scenters, and are very quick 
to smell business or scent a bargain, and once they get on the 
scent they follow it up like hungry bloodhounds. So, reader, 
before you consummate a trade or speculate with a man, you had 
better measure noses with him, for the length and shape of his 
may be too much for yours to cope with. Persons with long and 
sharp pointed noses have sharp, keen, ferret-like characters; they 
are quick to see into or through a thing, are quick-tempered and 
of a scolding disposition when the point of the nose is quite sharp. 
If the nose is long in proportion to the face you may expect to 
find a thoughtful and over-cautious character. A nose that is 
long, high, thin and bloodless is said to indicate consumptive 
tendencies. Noses long and hooking are also of a thinking turn 
of mind, but generally disposed to be moody and melancholy. 
Some species of the hooking point nose show speculative ten¬ 
dencies and a disposition to look out for number one and get even 
with offending parties; there is frequently a suspicious nature, 
especially if the eyes are light. Light-blue eyes and long, hook- 



o 


THE BRUNETTE. 

From a European Photograph. 

The American brunette is generally of spare, lithe form, with large, lustrous, pene¬ 
trating and fascinating eyes. Some of them, however, are well formed, and quite plump 
and fleshy. Among the Jews this type is predominant; and many of them are very 
beautiful and ‘luxurious in their development. 















THE BLONDE—AN ACTRESS. 

From a Photograph by Gehrig , of Chicago. 

I selected this picture to illustrate the mental rather than the physical qualities of 
the American blonde. Physically, blondes are generally more voluptuous in their forms 
than the person represented in the above cut. But the cute, wide-awake, knowing, 
mirthful and somewhat cunning or artful expression, so characteristic of blondes, is here 
well illustrated. One of those smiling, happy, I-do-not-care,-in-for-a-good-time sort of 
expressions. 














THE HUMAN FACE. 


55 


ing noses are invariably suspicious and jealous natures; they make 
themselves and their matrimonial partners miserable without: any 
real cause. A nose in which the tip, on being pressed by the 
finger, feels as though separated into two parts, shows a person to 
be fond of allegory, metaphors and a natural critic of whatever he 
becomes interested in or attracts his attention. I have come to 
the conclusion that a nose broad on the ridge and point has greater 
strength and scope of character than the narrow ridge noses. 
Gladstone, the English premier, has just such a nose, and he is 
well known for his broad, deep, comprehensive and statesmanlike 
character. In the firm, bony noses we have the firm, argumentative 
and energetic characters, combined with good sense and integrity; 
but the fat or cartilaginous nose has more of the yielding and 
flexible qualities. A strong, firm, long, prominent and well-defined 
nose certainly stamps its owner as a man of nerve, courage, fore¬ 
thought, energy and great strength of mind, and if the nose is 
broad where it joins the face you may look for greater commercial 
and executive power than in the thin form. Lavater says that 
those men in whom the tip of the nose is firm are the most 
unwearied in their researches. There is one statement, however, 
which Lavater makes that I must beg leave to differ with. He 
says that the descent or space between the nose and mouth, as 
seen in the monkey, denotes meanest of meanness. My own 
observations have led me to believe that a long upper lip or length 
of space between the nose and mouth bespeaks generosity, a neigh¬ 
borly and benevolent spirit,while on the other hand, a short space, es¬ 
pecially when the point of the nose droops and comes down almost on 
a level with the mouth, denotes a mean, selfish nature, a person of 
small ideas and actions, whose plans and efforts will be for self. 
It must be borne in mind that shape as well as length must be 
considered in reading character, and even if that peculiarity in the 
monkey does denote what Lavater claims, its form in the monkey 
and the human face is different, being convex in the former and 
straight, or nearly so, in the latter, so that the sign in the monkey 
would hardly be applicable to the human face. Peter Cooper 
had this long space in common with other philanthropic and 
generous, or good, liberal-minded and unselfish persons I have 
noticed. Whether these noble traits will be always found with 
this long space on upper lip or not, I would hardly wish to 


56 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


positively state, but I am well satisfied that the shorter the upper 
lip and the more the point of the nose descends to the lips, and 
the flatter it lies upon the face, the more of the mean, selfish, 
unprincipled, unkind and somewhat deceitful character there will be. 

The chin must not be overlooked in its relation to the face and 
character. A weak and retreating chin makes a weak looking 
face, and reveals a weak mind — it is a negative mind, whereas, a 
strong or projecting chin gives a look of strength and solidity to 
the face, and expresses a strong, positive mind. The chin of 
Wendell Phillips denotes the persistent, vigorous and positive 
mind of that great advocate of human rights, and adds much to the 
lorce and expression of the other features of his face. The outline 
of a face, when viewed sidewise, that projects in the center and 
rapidly recedes both ways — that is, towards the hair and chin, will 
reveal a character and mind that is very weak, deficient in force, 
power and will, and almost if not quite idiotic. Plenty of chin is a 
good thing to have, though a man may have too much chin as well 
as too much cheek. The reader must not confound a receding 
forehead with a receding chin ; the former shows a practical, matter- 
of-fact and often talented mind, providing it does not slope too 
much, and is not narrow; but the latter always shows a mind that 
is negative and deficient in some kind of mental power. 

There are several kinds of wrinkles in the face, differing in 
depth, length, and the direction in which they run; they are 
worthy of study, as they relate largely, as I think wrinkles in the 
hand do also, to the past life of the person, as well as present indi¬ 
cations. Deep wrinkles are generally found where the life of the 
person has been given to profound thought and study; they 
do not belong to shallow or know-nothing minds. Two or three 
deep wrinkles or lines running up perpendicularly from the root of 
the nose mark the close thinker, one whose mind has been intently 
riveted upon some special subject or study, generally of a scientific 
nature. Sometimes they may be caused by a scowling, frowning, 
discontented disposition, where the individual has considerable to 
annoy him and cross his path. The expression about the eyes, 
however, will readily reveal the difference of meaning to be attach¬ 
ed to these lines. Sometimes one deep wrinkle will be seen between 
the eye-brows, extending upward from the root of the nose; the 
exact meaning of that I do not feel sure about, but do not consider 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


57 


it a good sign, nor indicate the thinker, as the two or three wrin¬ 
kles do. There are some wrinkles that mark the man of thought, 
and some that show the person’s life to have been one of cares, 
anxiety and perplexity. Fine wrinkles, running all over the face 
in all directions, show a fretful disposition, brought on by a life of 
cares and poor success. If they are deep, however, they denote a 
life that has been devoted to miserly habits. When the wrinkles 
of the forehead have a broken or confused appearance, and are 
shallow, it shows the person’s mind or understanding to be befogged, 
confused and weak. The deep wrinkles occasionally seen across 
the top of the nose, have been defined by one writer to indicate con¬ 
secution or continuity, and by another, that it denotes that the per¬ 
son has been accustomed to command. That is another wrinkle I 
have not yet decided on, and the reader can help solve the problem 
himself, because I think it well to call the attention of students of 
the face to important signs or marks upon the features, even though 
I may not be able to give a positive definition to all of them. 

There is a good deal to be learned yet about the human face, 
and it needs the researches of a good many persons in establishing 
the meaning of the shapes, marks, colors, wrinkles, and other pe¬ 
culiarities of the countenance. That is one reason why I organized 
a physiognomical society in New York City, that further discov¬ 
eries in this useful and highly interesting science may be made. 

The smooth-faced people, that have scarcely any wrinkles, are 
more shallow than deep; they live outside of themselves, as it 
were, rather than inside; and the round, plump, fat-faced, full- 
grown people, that have no wrinkles worth speaking of, are gener¬ 
ally irreligious, unprincipled and dishonest, and prefer to make a 
living by their wits rather than honest labor—hence are very apt 
to become politicians, or engage in some kind of business that will 
bring in money in a free and easy style, such as selling lager beer, 
etc., or they may speculate or bet at races—anything to make money 
easily, no matter whether their business (if you can call it such) is 
honest and good or not. Sometimes these smooth, dishonest 
faces are quite plausible, and inclined to flatter, especially if they 
think they can make anything out of a person by so doing. 

Smiles, though beautiful to behold, and sweet and agreeable to 
our feelings, must be closely studied, and their meaning taken with 
caution. They are intended to express the approbation, pleasure 


58 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


or innocence of one person to another; but behind a smiling coun¬ 
tenance there may be a deceitful, treacherous, and even murderous 
heart. We can be thankful, however, that a villainous character 
and smiling face is the exception and not the rule, and these ex¬ 
ceptional cases can be detected by close observation ofthe whole face, 
because such smiles are forced, they are not natural, and the evil 
that lurks behind will stain the smile with insincerity. Persons 
who always have a smile, simper or smirk upon their faces, have 
little talent or force of character; they try to please, and court the 
good opinion of everybody they come in contact with, and rely 
more on the good opinion of others than they do on their own 
judgment or conduct. By their smiles they also try to divert 
rather than seek criticism of themselves. 

The hair has already been partially alluded to and described in 
my definition of colors, for what is true of the complexion is 
partially applicable to the hair. The quality of the hair is of 
important consideration, because it indicates the quality of the 
mind and character, whether coarse or fine. Black hair is indica¬ 
tive of passion and strength of body and character, whereas very 
light hair, almost white, denotes a feeble constitution and shallow 
feeling. Light-haired people are more sprightly, showy and 
amusing than the dark-haired, but they are never so deep in 
character and feeling nor so profound in thought. Yellow-haired 
people are similar to those with very light hair. They are more en¬ 
tertaining than philosophic, are gay and lively, fickle, changeable and 
fanciful, hence their affections are neither strong nor lasting. They 
are fond of the sensational and emotional in the world of literature ; 
they want light, entertaining reading, rather than solid, instructive 
and scientific books. Light and yellow-haired people, however, 
are more docile, teachable and progressive than the black-haired. 
The various shades of dark brown indicate a good degree of intel¬ 
ligence, amiability and common sense, with the feelings not too 
strong or deep, nor yet shallow or fickle. Curly hair generally 
denotes a brilliant and vivacious mind, with a quick-tempered, 
changeable and sort of April weather character. When the hair is 
stiff and straight, the character, though a little harsh or coarse, 
will be firm and inclined to honesty. Curly hair is more inclined 
to dishonesty. The difference between the Indian and Negro 


THE HUMAN FACE. 


59 


pretty well illustrates this, the former being more honest than the 
latter. 

In judging character from the hair, or any single feature, it will 
be necessary to be guided by other conditions, features or expres¬ 
sions of the face; then by putting them all together you will be 
better enabled to form a correct estimate of the talent or disposi¬ 
tion of the person you are trying to read. People must use their 
intuition and common sense in regard to physiognomy, and instead 
of trying to determine a certain trait or talent by one sign or 
feature, combine all the indications of the face and head, and then 
draw your inference. The trouble most people have in reading 
faces arises from the same cause that their difficulties in regard to 
many other things do, that is, they jump at conclusions too quickly. 
Be careful and thorough in your observations and you will make 
less mistakes. Be careful and thorough in your business affairs 
and you will have less failures. 





f 








ft Curious Book for Curious People 

AND A SENSIBLE BOOK FOR EVERYONE. 


The reader who has perused Prof. Willis’ book from the first page to the last, 
has proved his or her serious interest in the physical, mental and moral improve¬ 
ment of mankind, and this sort of appetite really grows on what it feeds on and 
looks for more. The attention of such persons is by this page directed to another 
work which, however, treats of life and mind more from the physical side. More 
than once Prof. Willis has pointed out the importance of a sound body as a basis 
for a sound mind, and he has given a general outline of the modes of life conducive 
to both; but one book cannot cover all subjects in detail, or include all truths worth 
knowing, and the reader who has found this book of interest and value, will surely 
find equal instruction and benefit in a book of nearly a thousand pages treating of 
fhe human body in health and disease, its anatomy, physiology and hygiene, the 
causes, symptoms and varieties of disease, and the natural and best means of cure— 
all in language plain, chaste and in every way well adapted to the comprehension 
of the average reader. This book is Plain Home Talk and Medical Common Sense, 
by Dr. E. B. Foote, a celebrated physician and author, well known for over thirty 
years by his works and his successful practice, extending all over the United States. 
The popularity of the book is evidenced by the sale of about half a million copies* 
and its success is no doubt due to the fact that, besides the important subjects 
already mentioned, it treats of marriage and parentage, heredity and all matters 
bearing upon the relations of the sexes, in a manner to clear up much of the mystery 
and brush aside many crude notions which have heretofore been nursed by feelings 
of false delicacy with which such matters have been too commonly regarded. This 
book has a great wealth of useful advice for well and ill, in that it teaches how to 
maintain health and how to regain it; and it is also rich in suggestions for both 
single persons and those who are married—to the former by its treatment of the 
subject of adaptation in marriage, what constitutes it, and how to choose wisely; 
to the latter in its explanations of misunderstood causes of martial infelicity, and it 
bints “how to be happy though married.” This great work is copiously illustrated, 
and among its pictures are half a doxen lithographic (color) plates of high artistic 
merit, an appendix containing over 200 prescriptions for relief and cure cf acute 
and chronic disorders common to adults and children. Furthermore, the eminent 
author extends a cordial invitation to all purchasers of Plain Home Talk to corres¬ 
pond with him concerning the diagnosis of disease or any matters of a private or 
confidential nature which may not be, in some particular cases, sufficiently covered 
in the book itself, so that any reader whomay fail to find just what he wants to know 
elucidated in the book itself, can look to the author for further information. The 
prices of the several editions are $1.50, $3.25, and $3.75, and further particulars, 
with complete contents table, can be had of the publishers. Agents Wanted. 

MURRAY RILL PUBLISHING CO., 


129 East Twenty-Eighth Street, 


NEW YORK, N. Y. 



Van Norman Institute, 

Central Park, West, at 62d Street, 

NEW YORK CITY . 


An English, Classical, French and German Family and Day School for 
Young Ladies and Children. Founded in 1857 hy the late 
Rev. D. C. Van Norman, LL.D. 



The Principal is assisted in her work by Professors, Teachers, and Lecturers, in sympathy with 
the school’s ideals and methods. Merely circumstantial teachers are never wittingly employed, but 
those whose chosen profession is teaching, and who bring to their work that inspiration of love, 
devotion, and enthusiasm, which only can achieve success. Madame VAN NORMAN, a Parisian 
French lady and a teacher “con amore,” in addition to her maternal care and guidance of the 
young ladies of the school family, has the sole direction of all departments, especially of the French 
language and literature. The German language and literature are taught by a Hanoverian scholar. 
Both French and German are taught in the vernacular, and are made the colloquial languages for 
those in the school studying these tongues. 

The School Family.— Our ideal, toward the attainment of which our highest efforts are con¬ 
stantly bent, is to surround and interfuse the school family with all the gentle, kindly influences of 
the best home-life ; to exalt and refine social character, to quicken and intensify all those feelings and 
sentiments which bind daughters to parents and home, and thus fit them to move with grace and 
dignity, with heart and intelligence, in whatever sphere Providence may allot. 

Special attention is given to Music, Drawing, and Painting, in all their branches. Also Riding 
taught. 

The school’s improved accommodations in the “ Morgan Mansion,’’ are unexcelled; its spacious 
rooms and halls are well lighted and ventilated. 

The absence of Plumbing attests the sanitary condition of the rooms. 

A floor devoted exclusively to school uses, consists of separate class rooms, and the Collegiate, 
Academic, and Primary departments 

The Drawing Room, Parlors, Dining Room, Library, Studio, etc., afford the family pupils all the 
advantages of a most refined home. 

For full information or references, confer with the Principal, or send for large circular. 


Mme. VAN MOKMAN, Principal. 




















































* AN artistig periodical * 


\ 



WITHOUT LETTER-PRESS. 



PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 


EACH ISSUE OF “ SUN AND SHADE” CONSISTS OF EIGHT OR MORE PLATES 
OF THE HIGHEST GRADE, ON PAPER 11X14 INCHES. 


A YEAR AGO we commenced the publication of our novel venture in journalism, 
“SUN AND SHADE,” “a Picture Periodical without LetterPress,” 
almost as an experiment, with a modest list of less than fifty subscribers. 
To-day we are printing an edition of 4,000 copies monthly. A sufficiently con¬ 
vincing proof of the wisdom of our hope that there was room for us. 

In our rapid growth the wish has been indicated unmistakably for the higher 
grade of pictures and of the higher class, always for quality rather than quantity. 
Following rather than leading such a wish, we feel that we make no mistake in mark¬ 
ing the future career of the Magazine to be rather that of an “ Artistic Periodical,” 
than “a Photogr phic Record of Events.” 

Our efforts, therefore, will be directed in the future to make “SUN AND 
SHADE ” an artistic periodical which shall be not only pleasing but educational 
in its broadest sense. Some of our plans may be briefly referred to. 

VVe shall reproduce the leading pictures in the great collection of the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art. 

Within the covers of “ SUN AND SHADE ” will be found, from time to time, 
reproductions of the works of American artists. 

WE SHALL ESPECIALLY ENDEAVOR TO ENCOURAGE THE ARTISTIC SIDE OF DIRECT 

PHOTOGRAPHY IN ALL ITS_PHASES. 

And we shall supplement these special features with examples of Sculpture, Archi¬ 
tecture, and Industrial Art. 

If in the future we receive as hearty a response to our efforts as we have received 
in the past, our task will be indeed pleasant, and our road to success a royal one. 


THE SUBSCRIPTION PRICE FOR “SUN AND SHADE” is $4 PER YEAR, commencing 
with No. 5, or any subsequent number. Single or sample copies, 40 cents. 
Orders for copies of Nos. 1, 2, and 3, will be received at 60 cents each. 
No. 4 at $1. 


The Photo-Gravure Company, 


137 WEST 23D STREET, 
NEW YORK. 































ATTENTION 


Are you a believer in Physiognomy, and are you willing to help disseminate 
its grand truths and principles as a means of improving society and elevating 
the race ? If so, one of the best things you can do is to try and get some society, 
church, college, or club, in the city or community in which you live, to arrange 
for one or more lectures on this interesting subject. Please write for terms 
and dates. 


OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY PROF. WILLIS. 

ILLUSTRATED PHYSIOGNOMY. Price 50 cents. This work has lately 
been revised and enlarged; it is a companion to this hook , but entirely different 
matter. It contains a large number of illustrations of the eyes, nose, mouth, 
and ears. 

CHRIST AND SATAN, Physiognomically Considered, and other interest¬ 
ing matter. These essays have been pronounced by competent judges to be 
original , ingenious , and remarkable productions. Price 25 cents. 

PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART. Contains illustrations of the eyes, nose, 
mouth, and ear. Printed on a large sheet suitable for framing. Price 25 cents. 

THE WORLD IN MINIATURE, OR FOUR SEASONS AT CONEY 
ISLAND. This work is not only descriptive of life at the great summer resort 
of New York and surrounding cities, but it incidentally refers to other famous 
resorts. It likewise treats of many phases of character pertaining to the world 
and human nature at large. A very interesting and instructive book to read. 
Price 25 cents. 


LESSONS. Persons wishing instruction in the art of face-reading can 
obtain private lessons any time most convenient to themselves. What most 
persons need is a start,--a knowledge as to how to study the face, the alphabet, 
as it were, of Physiognomy. Two or three lessons are sufficient for ordinary 
purposes, even one would be a great advantage. 

For books, lessons, or further information, call, or address 

Prof. A. E. WILLIS, 


699 6th AVENUE, CORNER 40th STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. 





(Susip PUBLISHED. 


B ROF. WILLIS’ revised and enlarged work on Human Nature and Physiognomy , more 
than double the size of the last edition, and elaborately illustrated. 

It is unlike any other work that has ever been written on Phrenology and Physiognomy. 
It is not a dry, prosy, technical book, that tires the mind and exhausts one’s patience and 
interest. The many incidents and stories it contains make it as fascinating to read as any 
novel. Its descriptions cf human life and character, explaining the underlying motives 
and principles of human conduct, excel any work of the kind hitherto published, and Im¬ 
practical instructions, adapted to every-day life in business, professions and trades, sur¬ 
passes any work now before the public. 

Persons who have read it, cheerfully pronounce it the best and most advanced work 
on the subject. One person remarked that he was reading it the third time ; another that 
he sat up until three o’clock in the morning reading it, so intensely interesting was the 
book to him; and another party declared that if he had read the book, years ago it would have 
been worth thousands of dollars to him. A professional gentleman, in writing, say£: “It 
is certainly unlike other books;” and a business man, while in conversation with two or 
three others, to whom he was warmly commending the work, said : “I got my money’s 
worth out of it.” A lawyer in Washington, D. C., wrote the author, unsolicited, express¬ 
ing his high appreciation of the work, and his admiration of the impartial and just criticisms 
(as he expressed it) on all classes of people and subjects referred to in the book. It is a 
work of special value to every Physician, Teacher, Minister, Artist, Lawyer and Business 
Man. Even as a general reading book, for pleasure or pastime, it will be found just as 
fascinating as a work of fiction. 


NOTE THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK. 




PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 

HOW TO READ CHARACTER — Signs of 
Character—Expression. 

BLONDES AND BRUNETTES—Their Char- 
acteristics and Differences. 

THE AMERICAN HEAD AND CHARACTER 

HONESTY AND DISHONESTY—Signs and 
Method of Reading it. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE. 

FAST MEN AND WOMEN—The Various Class¬ 
es and Tendencies to that Life. 

CONFIDENCE MEN AND BLACKMAILERS 
—How they Operate. 

HIGH LIFE AND LOW LIFE, OR RICH 
AND POOR. 

MODERN CHRISTIANITY AND RELIGI¬ 
OUS CHARACTER—The Mental Heart, 
Conversion, etc. 


FLATTERY, CONCEIT AND VANITY. 

IT IS NICE TO BE A STRANGER—Personal 
Experiences and Observations in my Travels. 

-N A^7 : ■. 

INFIDELITY AND SKEPTICISM—The Cause 
and Remedy. 

FACIAL BEAUTY—How to Develop it—Beau¬ 
tiful Forms. 

HOW TO LIVE, OR THE WAY TO HEALTH 
AND OLD AGE. 

BUSINESS SUCCESS AND FAILURE—Rea¬ 
sons why some succeed and others do not. 

HUMAN SPIRITS—Good and Bad—Psychologi¬ 
cally considered. 


FLIRTATION AND MOCK MODESTY- 
Causes, and Effects upon Society 


• Its 


DEFINITION OF PHRENOLOGICAL OR¬ 
GANS AND TEMPERAMENTS. 

It will be seen from the above contents, that there is a wide range of subjects touching 
on almost every phase and condition of life, and affording a greater variety than is found 
in any other work of a similar nature. It is printed on finely finished tinted paper. 


4-V—PRICE, $5.00— 


To insure the receipt of money forwarded, send Post Office Order, which is also the 
cheapest way to get it. Those wishing the book sent C. O. IX, will please enclose one 
dollar with the order, which will be credited on the amount to be collected. 


Address, 


prof. a. e. willis, 


690 6th Avenue , corner 40th Street, 


Xew York. 







■■tw 


. I T .- - , * • j- 


YOU SHOULD 



REASONS WHY 


FI RS'TV—Because Phrenology is the simplest most comprehensive- and perfect system 
of Mental Philosophy the world has ever i. : .!. ' - sed with. 

SECOND,—It is the only accurate,standard hy : which you dan measure yourself..apd 
know yourself, and learn how to develop the weak organs and faculties and restrain those 
that anfe too large, and make yourwharacter more even'and-consistent. ■ 

THIRD.—It -is the only science that will tali you in a few minutes what your talents 
are and what business, profession or calling in life you are best adapted for, thus ^directing, 
you on the way to prosperity. i?ome people spend-half a life-time trying to find out what 
they are fit for. What a waste of time and money 1 ‘ 

FOURTH.—Because'Phrenology and Piivslogiidmy will guide you to a happy mar¬ 
riage and healthy offspring, or assist you to obuin,these,results after marriage. , For two 
persons to marry without understanding whether their mental, social and physical natures 
are adapted to each other, is what makes marriage a mere lottery, and frequently paves , 
the way for a life of jnis^ry either for themselves or their .children- .It will also assist you , 
in the important duty of training children. T F aisands of young people are ruined through 
not. being-.trained-'right \rr'e&rly'xki.ldkoo-.i. Parents shrduld have'their children’s heads 
examined "and learn the cause- of their peculr •' Lies, "j '*„ " ' A 

FIFTH,—Because .ICas of special value in understanding your physical condition, ,. 
that you may avoid sickness and- thereby save time,,.money and -much suffering. Good 
health is more essential to happiness than wealth. 1 met a lady in my travels, worth ^ 
quarter of a million' of dollars, but \Vhose stomach was so Weak that she dare not eat any 
Solid Todd. To be syitliput health and happ.i c makes, life a burden. • 

SIXTH,—because iii proportion as. mdhniluaU, .understand themselves, as they ought 
4o mentally nnd physically, that they may have sound minds in'sound bOdiCsr/WiH born 
munities and natiohS grOW betier and strong r, and cfime,_insanity and poverty 4ecre,ase. 
Therefore; you o\ve it to 'yourself, to your Trie ds, to society, and to your country, to learn 
all you can of the inner man, that-you may rise to'your proper sphere in life, and hli' it 
luccessfully. 

PRIVATE LESSONS ON THE ART OF READING CHARACTER BY THE FACE, . 

ANY DAV OR EVENING. 



Character, and Advice Given in Reference to Matrimony, from 



Prof. A. E.' WILLIS/ 

Author, Practical Phrenologist and Physiognomist; 

699 SIXTH AVENUE, Corner 40th Street, 

NEW ITOEilC- 



H 119821* 































JO' ^ 

jy »«•»# ^ v *1^1/♦ ^c\ 

* ^ •jflKflfc ^ ^ *VBfeV. **. 

*»«. V\ v 



^ v@KEa* q* ^,w; v ^ vc$sv ^ °:v% 

<* ^TVV* A* % 'o . . • A <► vf!v .0* '• • * 

•% ** ,o* **^4* o 0 .l2^% tp c 0* o 0 

& ^o* •' s ^^S > ' ^0« •^fUfc *°* 

MS* ao^ ?« <<w. *<*?*m58ro # A<^ iOy 


•»« 



.0 v\ - iTWf • X o. 

fv +?Uir J *S a? 

<y A 

SL*i*«. *> 

A * + *r\ 



• v#. o A * 0 * »!*>. V V’ .J-^L'* .4O ***< 


N «5 ^ 

- ♦* «F «v v 

v sjtik.* X -&.■ . 

q, '«.** A <* *'TT«* <0 V ^ 

■*>, VJ> o«V. ^ ,o* .•‘A** *c. 



V * • 



* aHc. ' 

• • • * A -f. * 

O i , ’.*t * 

,P O ,}T> * 

'. ^ ;«^-- «-^ ' 




"o v 



wy v«v v^V.. 

v .iJikr. «* - 4 ? »•«*«'. ^ „v N ,*r 


<£V 

,* 4.V ^ %^-s-, 

<„ *'T 7 i * ,CT o,. '•.. 4 A 



& V 


* aV^ - _ 

* V %■ \S3K5?S 4? 
<* ‘'TvT* .0* 



o 

o_ 0 

• • « 

V ©w ,0 * ’* 

W* «& W *’ 
‘OT?* • 



o, *o • * * A 

• *_• * X> AV * « "'<*> 

■ . 

» 4.°-^ '?Sm§; • 

% <>. ^ * < &yyj})Gf ^ k» # , 

♦ k 0 *J^Ti V #. 

^ ^ °^t> • - 0 


-q5°^ 

* <?> ^ 

kV O . * 

•». ’"> v v .^L”, %. .. 

** ** 

;• A"\ S\ ' 




L v w. o. »» A 

Or • 1 ' 1 * ^o x 1 ^ 0 o " • 4 

C ♦ Vv7^^ ♦ O ^ 





^ 4« 

-* J" .i- % "’ V> .- 

r- % ^ ♦iP&. ^ ^ **■' 

* o H/JSeLv^ 1 * «dkr *^<s • <J c> o 

_ « <L V <{» * (£ >) 4 7 V* <» ♦ /V rl* 

•-•-• •. X / y :^. ; , X A % c o*.. ‘ * • ♦- 

■%.x« :£$!%&:- *bv* ^o 5 • ■*bi 

O fkO ^ 





^..... %»*"«♦ ,. 

^ »*’ W * 

V^ V *, :' 







V ,-4 v * 

• * 


• A V^. j 

♦ ^ ^ •. 


C>^ qp, ° 

^ % °.-^^’4 x 

q^ ^ <> o • 

<2 A 0 °'•- 

’ ° ^ ,'^W. % 




• '■’•■> •o 






^ ^ °o '*.T«» ,,0 

*- > V •ri'* .0 . 

K %A -^fe v** / 

• °WWM' A V -^. - 

♦ - 6 ? ^ oM/ ^&\n ^ x V V A » 

* -<T ^ - a * '* 

.oi^ . • t '* ♦ o 0 * tf -* V 

c ±&/r?7?y- ° • 





~ / % ^*'A % «o’ \ A < 

4 O ***,?* ^ v' »LV 1 % c* *<y **•<>,• ^ **••/> 

^ 4 ®^ V •’SK' ^ ^ *S&» * ^ 

vUSrP** ^ vOCvv ^ ^ *j*Kbv* /£* °°yJ^y 

<a **•••• < 0 ^ ^ /s. <* *>57?* ,o* * 0 , '57? * 

■ *'.\ <?*s#m£* °o <♦* .44% ^ c o* .*4% ° 0 , 

K* ''“•‘•o 4 :§m&\ *-<>$ : 4 *H& ’’W :£mtt- 


> : j. 0- ^ 


■• c,^V °WHw* 

„ * 4? & o'V JjSAn * 

• •* < 6 * *^ 0 . **o • » - 4 A, 

\ %• G«* *4^4 °o 4 ** .• 

\. ++# :£mif : ;4,«. . u ._„ 

V 4> cv *>"^-‘ 0 ■% V^P*V A o '>>S$§^.‘ ■ 

’* A 'V '•■»° a 0 V *■•.'• -V s - ©. -4v> .<r 

?$»C. *<% A "*? .Vs,*. *4 « v SjtSMfC. V ,4-° * 

<jVa • ^ A a* 1 * jgjpKgfc • ■tfy. <-4 * 

E5^; r? vv >v 

“ (-S ^ * aV'V -* 

<,7 ''a on/J j&Xn * aV v\ • 4?7 

L*^ <J» * ^ v -* . V- V* 

o^ 'o • * * A <v *7 







